Vol. 2 No. 6 (2025): Advanced Economics and Pedagogical Technologies

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations and structure of the financial mechanism in insurance services, as well as its integration into the financial intermediation system. Drawing on economic theories and international comparative practices, the paper explores the role of the financial mechanism in ensuring economic stability, security, and effective resource allocation. Particular attention is given to Uzbekistan’s experience, including legal and institutional frameworks, digitalization processes, and the development of social insurance systems. A practical roadmap for the further improvement of the national insurance market is also proposed

This article analyzes the potential for developing smart tourism in Bukhara region. Bukhara, with its rich historical and cultural heritage, architecture, and tourist attractions, holds great potential for digitalizing tourism. The article examines the concept of smart tourism, focusing on how digital technologies (mobile apps, IoT, AR/VR, artificial intelligence, etc.) can be applied to personalize tourist experiences and improve service quality. Furthermore, the article explores global trends in smart tourism development and outlines how these technologies can be implemented in Bukhara region. It also provides strategies and practical recommendations for the development of smart tourism

The article analyzes the current state of Uzbekistan’s tourism services market and its role in the national economy. The study examines the sector’s growth trends, infrastructure development, digital transformation processes, and the contribution of services to economic efficiency. The findings indicate that in the post-pandemic period, Uzbekistan’s tourism industry has entered a stable growth phase and become one of the most competitive sectors of the economy. The need for a comprehensive approach and the strengthening of innovative management mechanisms to ensure the industry’s sustainable development is emphasized.

This study investigates the role of ESG-driven innovation as a strategic source of competitive advantage in the banking sector, with a comparative focus on state-owned and private banks across emerging and developed markets. Drawing on the Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities theory, it develops a novel ESG Innovation Index that captures the depth and integration of sustainability technologies, such as AI-based ESG analytics, carbon tracking platforms, and digital reporting systems into core banking functions. Using a panel dataset of 68 banks from Central Asia and benchmark economies (2015–2024), the study employs fixed-effects and system GMM models to assess the impact of ESG innovation on profitability (ROA, ROE), operational efficiency, market share, and investor attractiveness. Results reveal that ESG innovation significantly enhances financial and operational performance, while the magnitude of its impact is substantially higher among private banks. The findings highlight that ownership structure moderates the innovation–performance nexus, with private banks leveraging technological agility for greater returns, whereas state-owned banks tend to pursue compliance-oriented sustainability agendas. The research contributes to strategic management and sustainable finance literature by framing ESG innovation as a contingent dynamic capability and offers policy insights for regulators seeking to balance innovation incentives across ownership types.

This article analyzes the concept of sustainable development and the role of green finance in the banking sector. The study examines the practices of managing environmental and financial risks in commercial banks, foreign experiences, and examples from banks in Uzbekistan. The results indicate that green finance ensures not only ecological responsibility but also strategic development of banks. This approach contributes to financial stability, economic modernization, and strengthening environmental security

In addition to machinery and equipment, finished metal products, computers, electronic and optical products, electrical equipment, machinery and equipment not included in other categories, vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, production of other transport equipment and repair of machinery and equipment are scientifically analyzed. Moreover, the article analyzes the development of the “driver” areas of the industry in the strategy of Uzbekistan-2030 and the full employment of the industrial potential of the regions, increasing share of the production of food, beverages and tobacco products in the industrial structure of the production industry and the automotive industry

This article examines the theoretical foundations and conceptual approaches to strategic innovation management and its role in the modern economic system. The essence and content of the concept of "innovation" are analyzed, and various scientific interpretations defining innovation as a process, result, system, tool, and change are systematized and compared. The study also explores the specific features of strategic innovation management in entrepreneurial entities, key factors in the formation of innovation potential, and the regulatory and legal framework. The article analyzes the views of both domestic and foreign scholars (Komarov, Komkov, Asimova, Glazyev, OECD/Eurostat, and others) and substantiates the importance of systemic and evolutionary approaches in innovation management

In recent years, as a result of the wide implementation of digital technologies in the public administration system of Uzbekistan, the e-government infrastructure has been gradually formed.  The purpose of the research is to identify the efficiency factors of digital transformation in public services and to assess its economic and organizational impact. The methodology employs systematic, comparative, and trend analysis approaches based on open data from 2017-2024 to analyze Uzbekistan’s digital development indicators. The results show that while the expansion of electronic services has increased transparency and convenience of governance, digital inequality across regions and the shortage of qualified personnel continue to limit overall efficiency. Based on the experiences of Korea, Denmark, and Finland, the study recommends innovative governance approaches suitable for Uzbekistan

This paper examines the implementation of blockchain technologies in the payment systems of commercial banks and evaluates their impact on operational efficiency, security, and transaction speed. Using systematic, comparative, and empirical methods, the study assesses the technological components of blockchain, its integration with payment processes, and its economic benefits. The findings demonstrate that blockchain-based mechanisms reduce payment costs, mitigate fraud risks, and enhance automation in interbank settlements

This article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on improving the efficiency and quality of educational services in higher education. The study aims to identify the main areas and mechanisms for using digital tools in the educational and management activities of higher education institutions. The methodological framework utilizes systems and process approaches, as well as comparative and substantive analysis of normative and empirical data. It is demonstrated that the implementation of digital solutions (online platforms, distance learning systems, and data analysis tools) contributes to the improvement of educational processes, individualization of learning, and increased student satisfaction. Directions for improving the efficiency of educational services through digital transformation are proposed

The article argues that for the transition to digital education to be transformative, governments need to adopt a systemic approach that strengthens the coherence of tools, technologies, actors and subjects in their education systems, and that the analysis and insights provided by the Digital Education Outlook 2023 provide OECD members with useful resources in this regard.

This article analyzes the ways to strengthen the competitiveness of the banking system through the development of digital culture and human capital potential. The study compares the experience of banks in Singapore, the United Kingdom, and South Korea with the current practice in Uzbekistan. The results reveal that the integration of digital culture and human capital is a key factor in enhancing the efficiency of banking services and ensuring sustainable competitiveness.

Investment is the key to economic recovery, and various countries constantly grapple with the same problem: how to attract it. The creation of special economic zones in one form or another is one of the effective macroeconomic tools for attracting foreign investment into the economy. This article examines SEZs in the context of their impact on the regions of Uzbekistan and provides an analysis of their current development. The analysis and systematization of SEZs allows us to draw conclusions about development trends, the need to create export-oriented enterprises, and strengthen the assessment of their activities and contribution to the economies of Uzbekistan's regions.

This article discusses the impact of digital marketing strategies on the development of small businesses, discusses the concept and essence of digital marketing, the most important aspects of digital marketing, digital marketing and its economic impact on the development of small businesses. It also examines digital marketing, its main advantages, and the most important areas. In addition, the problems in implementing digital marketing and ways to overcome them are examined based on facts.

The article analyzes the financial indicators related to the credit activities of commercial banks in the national economy, in particular, the total volume of assets, liabilities and capital in the structure of liabilities, as well as the volume of loans and deposits and their shares over the past five years, and presents the results. Scientific conclusions are drawn based on the analysis.

Today’s market is becoming tough for small businesses. Competition is growing, and digital technologies are evolving so fast that it is becoming difficult to keep up. Small companies, in particular, often struggle more than larger firms because they usually work with limited budgets, depend heavily on manual tasks, and do not always have standardized processes in place. Yet despite these challenges, automation and AI can become a real game-changer for them. By automating the most time-consuming and vulnerable parts of their work, small businesses can save resources, reduce errors, and operate more confidently. This article explores what kind of challenges small businesses are currently facing while automating their operations. It also identifies the main risks involved and suggests practical software tools that can help small companies choose solutions that truly meet their needs

This article analyzes the structure and dynamics of the total income of individuals in our country, the share of total income of individuals in state budget revenues and taxes, changes in total income of the population, and the impact of property income of individuals on state budget revenues through a study of their impact on the state budget revenues, as well as developing relevant conclusions and proposals

This article describes the importance, advantages and achievements of information technology and digitalization in improving the efficiency of the activities of customs authorities in the development of the country's economy, as well as the problems and ways to solve it. Scientific-theoretical and practical views of foreign scientists on the history of customs and the field of customs have been analyzed. Conclusions and suggestions were cited

Based on the study of the correlation and regression dependence of the mechanisms of regulation and stimulation of attracting foreign investment, forecast indicators of the development of foreign investments have been developed. Tax incentives and preferences for foreign investors: It is important that government investment support programs, including tax incentives, subsidies, and guarantees, are used to encourage foreign investment. Also, based on the study of the correlation and regression dependence of mechanisms for regulating and stimulating the attraction of foreign investment in the economy in modern conditions, the activity of forecast indicators for the development of foreign investment has been studied

The article discusses the issues, problems and significance of public-private partnerships in the education system. At the same time, analytical approaches are presented to the projects implemented in educational institutions on public-private partnerships, the effectiveness of financial resources, new financing privileges in public-private partnerships, and the privileges that should be provided when commercial bank loans are introduced into practice

This article analyzes the place оf labоr migratiоn in mоdern scientific research, the main definitiоns given tо it, and its multifaceted impact оn sоciо-ecоnоmic develоpment. The research systematizes the factоrs fоrming migratiоn, highlights the cоntinuity оf migratiоn prоcesses due tо existing labоr market inequalities, and develоps prоpоsals fоr the implementatiоn оf measures tо regulate migratiоn

This study assesses Uzbekistan’s innovation efficiency from 2020 to 2025 using Global Innovation Index (GII) data and compares it with global leaders (Switzerland, Sweden, USA), top overperformers (India, Vietnam, Morocco), and regional peers (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan). Although Uzbekistan’s overall GII rank improved to 79th in 2025, its innovation outputs remain far below inputs, resulting in an average efficiency gap of 23 ranks. The three countries of India, Vietnam, and Morocco achieve better results than expected based on their input levels, but Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan produce outcomes that fall short of their potential. The main challenge for Uzbekistan is not investment levels but weak conversion of inputs into outputs, due to limited R&D commercialization, weak industry–research linkages, and low high-tech exports. The research suggests Uzbekistan should improve its national innovation system coordination through targeted foreign investment and venture financing for selected sectors to build an innovation-based economy

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the functioning mechanism of the market for educational services, focusing on the interrelation and interaction of its key components including demand, supply, price, and competition. The study meticulously classifies price and non-price factors influencing both demand and supply, and elucidates the specific functions of the education market, such as integrative, distributive, and incentive functions. The author concludes that the market mechanism facilitates efficient resource allocation and aligns educational output with labor market demands. However, it also possesses inherent drawbacks, including information asymmetry and consumers' potential neglect of long-term strategic interests.

This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the didactic opportunities and challenges associated with the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital technologies (DT) into the methodology of teaching Russian as a Foreign Language (RFL). Modern digital transformation of education necessitates the adaptation of learning systems, making education more technological and personalized. AI, including neural networks and generative models, allows for the creation of individualized educational trajectories and significantly increases learning effectiveness. Surveys involving RFL instructors showed that 78% of educators view digitalization positively, and the use of AI can improve students' academic results by up to 20% compared to traditional methods. The blended learning format, combining face-to-face instruction with digital resources, is recognized as the most effective

This article analyzes the necessity of recognizing environmental assets as separate accounting objects in the construction materials industry. Current accounting practices in Uzbekistan combine environmental investments with general fixed assets, making it difficult to assess their economic effectiveness. The paper proposes introducing sub-accounts 0192 and 0193 within account 0100 to record filtration systems, recycling technologies, and emission-reduction equipment. The proposed model enables the classification, amortization tracking, and performance monitoring of environmental assets, supporting better financial reporting and ESG compliance

This article presents the scientific and theoretical aspects of enhancing the accessibility of banking services in the process of bank transformation through the development of digital technologies, as well as the transition of banks from traditional to digital service formats. In the analytical section, the activities of existing digital banks, mobile applications, and payment systems in our country are examined and analyzed, along with the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and digital banking. In the conclusion, proposals and recommendations were developed regarding the advancement of digital technologies in the process of bank transformation.

The article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of the mutual integration of various financial and economic systems. The main focus is on the interrelationship between economic systems, the individual, and the environment based on a systematic approach and "Safety Cube Theory." The study analyzes capitalist, Islamic, centralized, digital, and inclusive economic models and puts forward the basic principles of their joint sustainable development

This article analyzes the current practices of accounting for non-financial (intangible) assets in healthcare institutions and proposes scientifically grounded approaches for their improvement. Non-financial assets including medical equipment, software, licenses, and research outcomes significantly impact the quality and efficiency of healthcare services. The absence of standardized methodologies, variation in funding sources, and low automation levels contribute to accounting inconsistencies. In the background of ongoing healthcare reforms in Uzbekistan, this study offers practical recommendations to digitalize accounting processes, improve asset valuation, harmonize accounting policies, and enhance internal control mechanisms.

This article discusses the issues of improving the methodology of profit taxation. The definitions of profit and profit tax given by economists are presented. Scientific conclusions and proposals are given for the methodology of profit taxation

The article analyzes the potential of the “green sukuk” instrument for financing sustainable development in Uzbekistan. It examines the country’s economic and financial situation, the current state of Islamic finance and the sukuk market, as well as the theoretical foundations of green sukuk. The study also identifies the challenges associated with introducing this instrument and outlines its prospects. Scientific conclusions and practical recommendations are provided regarding the implementation of green sukuk, including the development of an appropriate regulatory and legal framework.

This article theoretically argues that digital transformation is a strategic necessity for banks to remain competitive with fintech companies as a result of rapid technological advancements in digital transformation. In addition, the theoretical foundations of digital transformation in retail banking are critically examined, and the main principles of diffusion of innovation theory, resource-based view (RBV), institutional theory, service-oriented logic (SDL), technology adoption models, and dynamic capabilities are extensively analyzed. It is argued that digital transformation is not just about implementing digital tools, but also about creating value, delivering services, working with customers, improving efficiency, and increasing interbank competitiveness. By analyzing a large body of scientific literature, the study identifies gaps in existing theoretical frameworks and attempts to identify how banks can adapt to the digital economy, increase investment in innovation, and become digitally mature. Such analyses contribute to the field both scientifically and practically by offering comprehensive development models to understand the systemic and multidimensional dynamics of digital transformation in retail banking.

This article examines the best practices of organizing public procurement in foreign countries. In particular, the procurement systems of countries such as the European Union, the USA, South Korea, Turkey, China and Singapore, their institutional framework, the level of digitalization, mechanisms for ensuring transparency and anti-corruption measures are analyzed. The foreign experience concludes with practical recommendations for improving the public procurement system of Uzbekistan

This article examines the monetary reforms carried out under the Amir of Timur and Timurida, and the mechanism of their organization. The monetary reform under the Timurids was based on the activities of mints, methods of introducing monetary units, which were considered integral elements of the monetary system. In accordance with the peculiarities of the development of the factors influencing monetary circulation, the existing directions of monetary reform implementation are systematized. In the XIV-XV centuries, on the basis of foreign trade and intra-trade relations, relevant conclusions were formulated about the role of money circulation in the process of commodity turnover and the possibilities of its coordination

This article examines the historical evolution of capital market theory, its modern development trends, and the fundamental regularities of market mechanisms within the global financial system. The study explores theoretical and practical aspects of diversification, risk–return relationships, price formation mechanisms, information transparency, liquidity, and investor behavior. Differences between developed and emerging markets, the growing impact of digital technologies and artificial intelligence on capital market models, and the specific features of Uzbekistan’s capital market are also analyzed. The findings demonstrate that although capital market theory has universal principles, it must be adapted to the institutional environment of each country

In the overlapping context of local culture and the digital economy, combining career assessment tools with the logic of e-commerce platforms is becoming an important direction for improving career guidance and person–job matching services. This paper adopts a design science research approach and takes a WeChat mini-program–based intelligent career assessment e-commerce platform as its artefact. It proposes a three-stage practice framework moving from demand scenarios to system architecture and then to prototype validation. First, based on interviews and field observation, platform demand is structured into three representative scenarios educational progression, career adjustment, and institutional projects and corresponding assessment products and service bundles are designed. Second, following the idea of “assessment system + order system + channel system”, a minimal yet complete platform prototype is implemented that integrates online assessment, automatic report generation, QR-code key activation, institutional back-end management, and basic channel analytics. Third, using small-sample pilot data (each project with fewer than 80 participants) from two schools and one career-education institution, the study calculates key indicators such as activation rate, completion rate, paid conversion rate, and self-reported decision clarity, and briefly illustrates how the platform is used in typical situations. Results suggest that the proposed platform design is technically feasible and operationally valuable for improving user self-understanding, service delivery efficiency, and channel conversion, while also revealing room for improvement in report expression, user journey design, and stakeholder incentives. The contribution of this study lies mainly in offering an actionable, mid-level pathway from local career assessment models to a workable minimum viable product, and in providing a structured blueprint for institutions planning similar platforms.

This article comprehensively analyzes the environmental problems arising against the backdrop of the acceleration of the globalization process and their impact on demographic processes. In the 21st century, the deepening of economic cooperation, the acceleration of industrialization, the practice of unlimited use of resources, and the expansion of transnational production chains are leading to a sharp increase in environmental pressure. Such factors as atmospheric pollution, global warming, water scarcity, soil degradation, and a decrease in biodiversity are seriously changing not only natural ecosystems but also demographic indicators related to human life. The study highlights the direct and indirect impact of environmental problems on such processes as the birth rate, mortality rate, migration flows, public health, the quality of labor resources, and territorial demographic imbalance. In particular, in regions with a high level of environmental risk, such demographic changes as a decrease in births, an increase in morbidity, an increase in premature deaths, an increase in ecological migration, and a decrease in population potential have been noted. Also, based on scientific sources, it is shown that factors such as water scarcity or drought caused by global climate change have become one of the main determinants of population migration strategy

The article presents a scientifically based methodology for developing the concept of territorial development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Theoretical approaches to spatial planning are investigated, including the growth poles concept, central places theory, and polycentric development models. The author proposes a scientifically based typology of Uzbekistan regions with identification of six types of territories: central capital region, growth poles of national importance, advanced development regions, structural modernization territories, priority state support regions, and environmental rehabilitation territories. For each type, specific development priorities, support instruments, and target indicators are defined. A system of target indicators for the territorial development concept has been developed, including economic, social, infrastructure, and environmental indicators. The mechanisms for implementing the concept through a system of state programs, investment projects, and institutional reforms are substantiated. The principles for developing the concept are defined: balance, polycentricity, territorial connectivity, sustainability, consideration of regional specifics, and inclusivity.

This article analyzes the role of the cluster approach in improving the efficiency of tourism services, its economic mechanisms, and potential for practical application. The practical component of the study examines the tourist areas of Samarkand from a geographical and cluster perspective, determining the spatial structure of the historical, transport, scientific and cultural, modern recreational, and airport clusters established in the city. A cartographic analysis demonstrates the mutual integration of the main centers of tourist flows and the infrastructure that serves them. Suggestions are also provided regarding the impact of the tourism cluster system on economic efficiency and ways to strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation between industry participants through organizational and economic mechanisms

This article examines the key risks faced by banks in forming green credit portfolios and identifies effective strategies for risk management. Drawing on international experience, the study analyzes the nature of credit, climate, transition, technological, operational, market, and greenwashing risks. The findings demonstrate that green loans possess a more complex risk profile compared to traditional lending and require the implementation of environmental taxonomies, energy-efficiency certification, independent audits, and state-supported financing mechanisms. For Uzbekistan, adopting these tools can improve the quality of bank credit portfolios, reduce environmental risks, and accelerate the country’s green economic transition.

This study evaluates the endogenous drivers of economic growth in Kashkadarya region using statistical data from 2010–2025 through neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) models. Household income, traditional and digital infrastructure were selected as key indicators. The ANFIS model achieved high accuracy (R² = 0.977; RMSE = 0.40; MAPE = 7.8%), effectively capturing nonlinear economic relationships. A 3D surface plot highlighted the strong synergy between digital infrastructure and income. In comparison, the MLP model yielded slightly lower accuracy. The results suggest that investing in digital infrastructure and applying endogenous modeling approaches are crucial for strategic planning

This research investigates the relationship between macroeconomic factors and profitability of companies, considering the company level factors of financial performance: gross margin, operating margin, EBITDA margin and ROA. Drawing upon the theoretical frameworks, empirical analyses and econometrical model, the study explores multifaceted dynamics of macroeconomic-firm nexus of the biggest 16 companies - drivers of modern US economy. Findings reveal significant relationships between macroeconomic factors such as exchange rate, inflation and corporate profit, highlighting company response to macro-level changes. Practical implications for financial managers are discussed, emphasizing the importance of considering macroeconomic conditions in decision making processes. Overall, this article contributes to the understanding of macroeconomic-firm nexus and provides insights, which should be further developed.

This article examines the digital transformation of Islamic financial instruments, the methodological framework for their implementation in Uzbekistan, and their alignment with international best practices. The study demonstrates that digital technologies including blockchain, smart contracts, tokenization, e-KYC, and API integration enhance transparency, operational efficiency, and Shariah compliance in Islamic financial operations. A comparative assessment of Malaysia, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia provides insights into the legal, technical, and methodological requirements needed to develop a national digital Islamic finance model. The findings highlight the importance of establishing digital Shariah audit mechanisms, defining the legal status of smart contracts, developing tokenization regulations, and creating a Shariah-compliant fintech ecosystem to ensure sustainable sectoral development

This article examines the economic essence of regional investment-innovation processes, their structural components, operational mechanisms, and specific features that emerge at the territorial level. The study analyzes the interrelation between investment activity and innovation development, their impact on the regional economic potential, and the role of infrastructure, institutional environment, and governance mechanisms in improving process efficiency. The research also highlights regional disparities, resource allocation factors, clustering processes, and modern forms of public-private partnerships. The findings provide practical value for enhancing regional competitiveness, formulating innovation development strategies, and improving regional investment policies

This article presents a modern analysis of land resource use in the activities of dehkan (smallholder) farms in the Kashkadarya region. Based on an assessment of natural-geographical conditions, climatic factors, land quality, access to water resources, and the state of agrotechnical services, the study examines how local smallholder farms interact with and manage their land. The research evaluates soil cultivation practices, crop structure, technological provision, government support, and environmental sustainability factors. As a result of the analysis, existing problems and future opportunities were identified, and recommendations were developed to enhance the efficient use of land resources in dehkan farms

This article analyses the use of electronic money in Uzbekistan, as well as the factors influencing its development and the existing challenGES. Although the adoption of electronic payment instruments has significantly increased in recent years due to the growth of the digital economy, several constraints—including insufficient infrastructure, low digital literacy, and limited trust in the banking system—have been identified as slowing down this process. The study provides a comparative analysis of the experiences of Uzbekistan, Turkey, and Kazakhstan, and presents statistical data on chanGES in total bank deposits, the share of electronic money, and term deposits from 2017 to 2024. The findings indicate that despite the rise in the use of electronic money, its share within total bank funds has decreased. These trends are shown to be closely related to the development of digital infrastructure, security systems, digital literacy, and government regulatory policies. The author emphasizes the need to expand infrastructure, strengthen security measures, improve digital literacy, and enhance the legal framework to further promote the development of the electronic money market

This article analyzes modern pedagogical and didactic technologies for teaching economic processes based on virtual laboratories. The findings indicate that virtual laboratories serve as an effective tool for narrowing the gap between theory and practice in economics education, enabling visual modeling of complex economic processes and fostering the development of advanced cognitive and practical competencies among learners. The study substantiates the need to expand the implementation of virtual laboratories in economics education, improve their didactic design, and broaden decision-making–based interactive scenarios

This article examines the crucial role of qualitative economic growth in improving the living standards and general well-being of the country's population. As is known, the positive dynamics of gross domestic product over the years reflect only the quantitative growth of economic indicators. However, qualitative economic growth, in contrast to it, allows us to separately consider structural improvements in production, technological innovation, human capital development and social equality. The study shows how sustainable and inclusive forms of growth contribute to poverty reduction, social stability and long-term national well-being. The article analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical examples of economies at different levels, revealing that the quality of economic expansion is a decisive factor in ensuring a fair distribution of wealth and increasing the level of life satisfaction of the population

The formation of an effective competitive environment in regional consumer goods markets is a key condition for sustainable economic growth, consumer welfare and innovation-driven development. This study discusses the fundamentals, structural variables and strategic mechanisms of economic modernization and market liberalization affecting the competitiveness of regional consumer goods markets. Using a combination of comparative analysis, econometric modeling and empirical research in selected regions, the study identifies key factors such as market concentration ratios, entry barriers, institutional support mechanisms and consumer demand dynamics that determine the intensity of competition. Empirical results show that regions with diversified production structures, high levels of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) activity and strong institutional arrangements have higher market efficiency and consumer satisfaction. In addition, the study highlighted the importance of digital transformation, innovation ecosystems and public-private partnerships as strategic levers for building competitive advantages in the consumer goods sector

This article analyzes the geo-economic significance of artificial intelligence (AI) in the global sustainable development agenda and the impact of technological transformation on national and regional stability. The study examined the policy of regulating AI in the USA, the European Union, China, and the countries of Central Asia. Great attention is paid to the analysis of Uzbekistan's AI development strategy and the UN General Assembly resolution on the role of AI for sustainable development in Central Asia for 2025. The priority areas of AI for strengthening economic stability, increasing resource efficiency, and accelerating the transition to a "green economy" were studied

The aim of this study is to analyse the formation of instrument-level, institutional, sectoral, and system-level competition in Uzbekistan’s financial market through the introduction of a dualistic financial system. Using a qualitative research approach, the study examines the institutional, legal, and economic implications of the dualistic model and explores its potential for enhancing competition. The findings indicate that the financial market remains insufficiently diversified, with financing sources relying predominantly on the banking sector. The study also identifies that the dualistic financial system may generate a new form of competition inter-system competition thereby improving efficiency within the financial services segment and contributing to market diversification. The research substantiates the institutional prerequisites, infrastructural requirements, and priority directions necessary for the implementation and sustainable development of this system

The article examines the economic essence of digital transformation in the energy sector and analyzes methods for assessing its economic efficiency. The study substantiates the impact of digital technologies on energy companies, including cost reduction, minimization of energy losses, improvement of production efficiency, and enhancement of investment attractiveness. The concepts of digitization, digitalization, and digital transformation are compared, and their economic content is revealed. The main evaluation methods of digital transformation projects are analyzed, including the KPI system, scenario analysis, cost–benefit analysis, investment appraisal tools (NPV, IRR, payback period), and the integrated efficiency assessment model.

This article analyzes the advanced experiences of foreign countries in achieving sustainable growth through the application of a green economy in a period of intensifying global environmental problems. It examines the priority directions and opportunities for applying these experiences in the context of Uzbekistan. In addition, the article presents scientifically grounded conclusions and proposals aimed at training specialists in this field, creating an investment-friendly environment, and preventing environmental risks in our country

The world’s nations are accelerating measures to introduce green financing practices in the financial market, deeply evaluating the impact of every project they finance on the environment, business entities, and public health. This process necessitates the complete and perfect development of mechanisms for raising capital through green financial instruments, increasing the need to regulate them with legislative norms, and demanding more active cooperation and institutionally effective establishment of collaboration between investors and issuers. Consequently, the need to develop methodological approaches that ensure the formation and development of the green finance market is sharply increasing, and the issue of creating an effective market infrastructure is becoming urgent. This article provides scientific and theoretical analyses concerning the methodology of organizing, improving, increasing the efficiency, and regulating the green finance market

The article analyzes the main directions for the development of innovation clusters, their role in economic development, and factors for increasing the efficiency of the innovation ecosystem. Priority tasks for strengthening cooperation between science, education, and production, and improving cluster models in high-tech industries will be highlighted

In this article, an analysis of the economic content of efficiency, the formula for efficiency, the types and description of efficiency, the role and importance of efficiency in industrial enterprises and the main indicators measuring production efficiency was carried out

Capital markets play a very important role in providing financial resources necessary for the production of goods and services in the real sector of the economy. In this regard, it is crucial to develop the capital markets within the framework of the Islamic financial system, expanding its capabilities and providing new financial instruments for market participants. This article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the Islamic capital market, the experience of countries around the world in its organization, the activities of institutions in the Islamic capital market, research and discussions on investments in securities markets. The paper explaines the principles of the Islamic capital market and the processes of implementing contracts used in this market. It provides some suggestions on using the advantages of the Islamic capital market in our country

This article examines the problem of improving the population's standard of living. Given the need for the state to take proactive measures to implement social protection measures, proposals and recommendations are made for developing a model for improving the population's standard of living using automated control systems created using modern scientific technologies. The role of this model in shaping an equitable distribution of living standards is explored.

This article examines the international significance of the social protection system in combating poverty, as well as the procedure for supporting certain categories of individuals in need of social protection. Within the framework of the New Uzbekistan Development Strategy, the main directions for poverty reduction are highlighted. The study analyzed the main indicators of the Uzbekistan labor market for 2020-2024, including the dynamics of unemployment and poverty levels, and assessed the poverty level by region. At the end of the study, proposals and recommendations were given

This article examines the existing problems related to the implementation of the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the process of accounting for current assets of business entities, the causes of these problems, and the directions for their improvement. The study compares current regulatory frameworks, accounting policies, valuation methods, and the requirements of international standards. As a result of the research, proposals were developed to enhance the transparency of current assets accounting, apply accurate and reliable valuation methods, and ensure the fair presentation of financial results

This article is devoted to the analysis of the role of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the development of the national economy, in particular, in financing investment projects, increasing the level of employment, and implementing innovative technologies. It highlights the priority areas for the development of the banking system of such strategic documents as the "New Uzbekistan - 2030" program and the Development Strategy for 2022-2026. Also, an in-depth analysis of the main indicators of the banking system of Uzbekistan (assets, loans, capital, and deposits) was conducted. In particular, the differences between state-owned banks and other banks, their market share, and their impact on economic stability are shown based on statistical data. The analysis revealed that state-owned banks have a dominant position in the market, but other banks can compete almost equally in attracting deposits. Information on the lending activities of commercial banks and the volume of non-performing loans (NPL) was also presented, and the risks and effectiveness in this area were assessed

This article examines modern principles of project management theory and their role in contemporary economic processes. In the context of globalization and increasing competition, effective project management has become a crucial tool for both the public and private sectors. The study emphasizes the importance of strategic planning, clearly defining project goals, and assessing potential risks in advance to ensure successful project implementation. The research analyzes the rational use of resources, the establishment of effective communication among project stakeholders, and the appropriate distribution of responsibilities within the project team. It is noted that team cohesion, coordinated actions, and the motivational role of the project leader are key factors that contribute to achieving project success. Special attention is given to the development of project management practices in the context of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The article highlights the processes of infrastructure modernization, implementation of innovative technologies, realization of governmental programs, and investment projects. The necessity of improving management mechanisms to achieve sustainable socio-economic results is underlined

In today’s globalization era, the level of income within an economic system is one of the key factors determining a country’s economic growth. In addition, income directly affects the population’s living standards, production efficiency, and labor productivity. This article analyzes the theoretical foundations and different methods for assessing income growth, and examines recent years’ income growth trends based on major macroeconomic indicators

This article presents the conclusions and conclusions that can be drawn from the analysis of the possibilities of tax authorities to identify possible cases of tax evasion, ensure fair taxation, and ultimately contribute to the overall efficiency of the tax system by improving the practice of auditing and monitoring taxpayers' activities. The article highlights the advantages and problems of applying foreign experience in the conditions of Uzbekistan, and develops proposals and recommendations for improving national tax policy

China is one of the world’s leading export-oriented economies and possesses one of the most advanced systems of state financial support for exports. At the core of this system lie specialized financial institutions including the Export-Import Bank of China, the China Development Bank, the state export credit insurance agency Sinosure, as well as budgetary and tax incentive mechanisms. The article analyzes the institutional structure and financial support mechanisms for export activities in the PRC and identifies the key factors underlying the high effectiveness of China’s model. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the main elements of China’s state export policy, including regulatory frameworks, instruments of crediting, insurance, subsidization, and the digitalization of foreign trade processes

The article examines the key marketing barriers hindering the implementation of green technologies in developing economies. Factors related to consumer perception, pricing, information asymmetry, and institutional constraints are analyzed. Statistical data and practical recommendations for overcoming the identified barriers are presented. The article also examines limitations from manufacturers and intermediaries, including a lack of marketing strategies, problems with promoting green products, and weak distribution infrastructure. Based on the analysis, recommendations were proposed for overcoming marketing barriers like increasing consumer awareness, stimulating demand through financial and tax mechanisms, developing partnership networks and green technology branding strategies

This article discusses the problem loans (NPL) in the banking system, their characteristics, accounting and statistics, the correct calculation of reserves for them, the state of reserves created against possible losses on loans in Germany Deutsche Bank, and proposals and recommendations for improving the bank's loan portfolio.

The article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of implementing outsourcing in manufacturing enterprises. The definition, types, advantages, and modern practices of outsourcing are illustrated with examples. The importance of outsourcing in enhancing enterprise competitiveness, efficient resource allocation, and the implementation of innovations is emphasized. Based on scientific research and practical experience, strategies for introducing outsourcing, delegating non-core functions to external specialists, and ways to improve production efficiency are presented.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the role and significance of the state in financing innovative activities in the context of the modern economy. It highlights the impact of innovations on economic growth, national competitiveness, and technological advancement. Based on international experience, effective mechanisms of state support for innovation are examined. The study develops practical recommendations for improving the system of financing innovative activities in Uzbekistan’s economy

In this work, issues of increasing the efficiency of the use of production resources at pharmaceutical industry enterprises are analyzed from a scientific-theoretical and practical point of view. The study highlights the role and importance of raw material and material resources, fixed assets, labor, financial, and intellectual resources in pharmaceutical production. Also, the current state and development dynamics of resource use in the pharmaceutical industry of Uzbekistan were assessed, and existing problems were identified. Recommendations have been developed for technological modernization aimed at increasing production efficiency, introducing digital management systems, applying the principles of GMP and "Lean manufacturing," expanding the local raw material base, and developing personnel potential. It is substantiated that the implementation of these proposals will serve to reduce production costs, improve product quality and safety, ensure competitiveness and sustainable development of enterprises.

In this article, the issues of effective development of the innovative potential of a manufacturing enterprise in the context of the digital economy are analyzed from a scientific-theoretical and practical point of view. The study highlights the influence of digital technologies, human capital, financial and organizational resources on the innovative potential of the enterprise. The level of digitalization of production processes, indicators of innovation activity, and their impact on efficiency were also studied. The article develops recommendations for increasing the efficiency of resource use, improving management and innovation processes through the implementation of digital transformation, automated systems, "Big Data," IoT, and artificial intelligence technologies

This article analyzes the role and importance of digital transformation in the sustainable development of the regional economy theoretically and methodologically. The impact of digital technologies - artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, IoT and electronic platforms on regional economic systems is studied, and their role in the efficient use of resources, increasing production productivity, enhancing investment attractiveness and ensuring socio-economic stability is substantiated. The study examines the institutional, economic and social aspects of digital transformation in regional development based on an integrated approach. The results obtained indicate the possibilities of reducing interregional disparities and achieving sustainable economic growth through the digitalization of regional policy.

This scientific article discusses the concepts of competition and export, their interdependence. The factors influencing economic competitiveness and its role in the national economy of the country, the impact of export efficiency on competition, and the practical and theoretical aspects of competition are considered. The article studies the interrelated aspects of competition and the export system in the economy based on theoretical approaches

This study focuses on identifying key success factors in the implementation of active learning models in higher education. The research analyzes the pedagogical foundations of active learning approaches (problem-based learning, project-based learning, collaborative learning, flipped classroom), as well as institutional, methodological, and technological conditions for their effective application. Based on international and national literature, a systematic framework of success factors is developed. The findings contribute to improving teaching quality and promoting competency-based education in higher education institutions

This article examines the issues of assessing organizational and economic efficiency and analyzing human resource policy in toy manufacturing enterprises. The research focuses on the activities of “Green Line Toys” LLC and “Toys City” LLC. The study analyzes workforce size, age and position structure, wage policy, management costs, and financial performance over the period 2021–2025. Economic-statistical, comparative, and dynamic analysis methods were applied in the research process. The findings indicate that significant changes in workforce size and structure particularly during periods of intensified automation have a direct impact on the financial stability and profitability of enterprises. The study confirms that a balanced HR policy and effective optimization of management costs play a crucial role in improving organizational and economic efficiency

The article presents an econometric analysis of trends in the development of industrial infrastructure in the Kashkadarya region. Based on the parameters of the production function, which expresses the dependence of the volume of industrial production on the cost of fixed assets and the amount of labor resources, an econometric model was created, and the reliability of the model was assessed. The efficiency indicators of the model factors and forecasts of industrial production volumes were calculated, conclusions and proposals were made

This article focuses on costs and their classification. It addresses the fundamental task of management accounting. Examples substantiate the fact that accounting for costs by their origin and responsibility centers enables critical management decisions.

This research examines the influence of environmental risk management (ERM) on the credit portfolio stability of commercial banks in Uzbekistan, utilising secondary data from sustainability reports, regulatory publications, and international financial institutions. The results show that banks with more advanced ERM frameworks, which include environmental screening, green lending, and sustainability governance, have lower non-performing loan (NPL) ratios and better asset quality. On the other hand, banks that don’t use ERM as much are still more vulnerable to environmental and credit risks. The study finds that integrating environmental risks into the banking system in Uzbekistan is necessary to make it more financially stable and in line with global standards for sustainable finance

The methodology for using artificial intelligence systems to achieve sustainable economic growth is an integral part of the modern digital economy. The article analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence technologies on economic processes, the methodological foundations for their effective implementation in management, production, financial and tax systems. It also highlights the possibilities of rational use of economic resources, increasing labor productivity and strengthening competitiveness with the help of artificial intelligence. The experience of foreign countries and the advantages and problems of implementing AI systems in the conditions of the economy of Uzbekistan are analyzed. The results of the study show that management approaches based on artificial intelligence are an important factor in achieving sustainable economic growth and increasing efficiency

The article analyzes the processes of digital transformation of the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years, achievements, and current pressing issues. The study examined the role of the digital economy in the activities of commercial banks, in particular, the role of Big Data technologies and online platforms, their significance in increasing banking efficiency, and innovative approaches such as blockchain. Based on the theoretical approaches of scientists to assessing banking efficiency, the skills of banks in minimizing costs and optimizing profits are emphasized. In conclusion, the necessity of forming a digital transformation ecosystem in Uzbekistan, expanding the fintech infrastructure, and increasing the competitiveness of the banking system through the implementation of international standards has been put forward

This scientific article is dedicated to the analysis of blockchain technology application in various sectors of the national economy. The article examines the advantages of blockchain, decentralized management systems, and the potential for ensuring security and transparency. It also analyzes the use of this technology in finance, industry, agriculture, healthcare, education, and other sectors, as well as the experience of its implementation in Uzbekistan. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that blockchain technology can enhance the efficiency of the national economy and promote digital transformation

The article analyzes the role of e-commerce in Uzbekistan and the importance of e-commerce in the development of trade services, the relevance of using the experience of developed countries, as well as the problems arising in the development of e-commerce and ways to solve them.

This scientific article analyzes the role and importance of tax policy in ensuring the attractiveness of the investment environment from a scientific, theoretical and practical perspective. The stability, transparency of the tax system, the level of the tax burden and the impact of tax incentives on investment activity are studied. The possibilities of using incentive mechanisms of tax policy in the decision-making process of investors are also highlighted. The role of tax reforms implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan in recent years in improving the investment environment is analyzed, and scientific and practical conclusions and proposals are developed to increase the efficiency of attracting investments by improving tax policy

This article analyzes the implementation of Teaching Factory elements in pedagogical technical colleges to align students’ learning activities with real professional practice. The study was conducted over 12 weeks across five institutions involving 60 students. The experimental group engaged in mini-projects, demo lessons, real-task assignments, and portfolio-based assessment. Results indicated a 24–31% improvement in creative thinking, problem solving, digital literacy, reflection, and collaborative skills. Statistical analysis (p<0.001, high Cohen’s d) confirmed the strong impact of the Teaching Factory model. The findings demonstrate that Teaching Factory is an effective approach for enhancing competency-based training in pedagogical technical colleges

In Uzbekistan, attracting large-scale foreign capital has become a priority. The country has seen a significant increase in fixed capital investment, including foreign direct investment (FDI). The author studied the potential of the republic's regions in the use of foreign capital, in particular the trends in the distribution of foreign invested enterprises, their contribution to the export-import activities of the regions of Uzbekistan. Regional disparities are identified and measures are proposed to improve the management of foreign capital attraction

This paper presents a methodology for mathematical and numerical modeling of nonstationary transverse wave processes in porous-elastic media containing a spherical obstacle. Simply and doubly connected domains are considered, allowing for the influence of the domain's internal structure on wave propagation and scattering. The study is based on Biot's linear theory of porous-elasticity. Boundary-value and initial-boundary-value problems for the equations of motion are constructed, conjugation conditions at the boundary of the spherical obstacle are formulated, and effective methods for their numerical solution are proposed. The obtained results have practical implications for problems in geophysics, porous media acoustics, and engineering mechanics.

This article examines the processes of using a system for organizing and controlling payments for financial claims and obligations arising during foreign economic activity between states and citizens located in different countries

This article examines the issues of ensuring the efficiency and sustainability of the energy supply system, technical losses occurring during electricity transmission, as well as local and international risk factors affecting energy security. The main structural components of the Energy Security Index are analyzed, and technical, economic, and environmental risks within the energy system are classified. The research findings indicate that comprehensive risk management and the reduction of transmission losses are essential conditions for ensuring energy security

This article describes the issues of accounting for the service margin under the contract and the share of reinsurance in it in insurance organizations. In particular, for accounting purposes, insurance reserves, and in turn, the service margin under the insurance contract, are classified in accordance with international financial reporting standards, the accounting procedure in the relevant working accounts is explained, and on this basis, an algorithm is developed, and conclusions are drawn

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the didactic significance and pedagogical problems of information technologies in the development of the personality during adolescence. The article considers how the integration of information technologies into the educational process affects the cognitive, social and emotional development of adolescents. The introduction to this article describes the characteristics of adolescence and new pedagogical requirements emerging in the context of modern technologies. The literature review discusses sources that consider the pedagogical effectiveness and risks of information technologies based on theoretical and empirical research. The main part proposes methods of using information technologies in educational and didactic processes, the role of the teacher and the environment, differentiated approaches and assessment systems that take into account the individual characteristics of adolescents.

This article examines how optimizing product assortment strategically enhances the marketing performance of distributor companies. It highlights the shift from traditional, intuition-based selection to data-driven portfolio management supported by AI, POS data, and predictive analytics. The study outlines the impact of assortment relevance on profitability, retailer satisfaction, and market competitiveness, with specific implications for developing markets such as Uzbekistan. A phased implementation framework is proposed to guide distributors in adopting digitally enabled assortment strategies for sustainable commercial growth.

In the context of the digital transformation of the economy, franchising is gaining new strategic significance as a model of scalable and sustainable business. This article presents a comparative analysis of franchising development in France, Italy, and Germany, with a focus on institutional and legal frameworks, economic indicators, digital maturity, and the transformation of business models. The study reveals that digitalization enhances the efficiency of franchise networks, deepens support for small and medium-sized enterprises, and strengthens the legal protection of intellectual property.

This article studies the role and importance of statistical analysis in assessing the efficiency of the livestock sector based on economic approaches. The analysis uses dynamic series, variational indicators, correlation-regression models and regional comparison methods to study the factors determining the volume of production, productivity level and efficiency of resource use. The results of the study show that the statistical approach plays an important role in accurately assessing the real situation in livestock farming, identifying internal reserves and strengthening the economic justification of management decisions

Global climate change, rising air temperatures, drying up of the Aral Sea, desertification, recurrence of negative meteorological processes, rational use of land and water resources, reduction of biodiversity, deterioration of the gene pool of flora and fauna, and the increase in large amounts of industrial and household waste indicate that regional environmental problems are deepening day by day. Ensuring environmental safety in the country, consistently solving emerging environmental problems and uniting all forces of society in ensuring economic development is a state policy.

Thе аrtiсlе аnаlуzеs thе рrоblеms оf thе mоdеrn highеr еduсаtiоn sуstеm аnd рrороsеs а nеw еduсаtiоnаl аррrоасh bаsеd оn сеrtifiсаtiоn аs а wау tо sоlvе thеm. Thе rеsеаrсh еxаminеs thе issuе оf thе inеffiсiеnсу оf thе trаditiоnаl еduсаtiоn sуstеm in thе соntеxt оf thе dеvеlорmеnt оf аrtifiсiаl intеlligеnсе аnd digitаl tесhnоlоgiеs. Thе рrороsеd аррrоасh is аimеd аt еxраnding studеnts’ right tо indереndеnt lеаrning, dеvеlорing hеаlthу соmреtitiоn аmоng univеrsitiеs, аnd imрrоving thе quаlitу оf еduсаtiоn

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the training system for production workers at garment manufacturing enterprises in Uzbekistan, the identification of existing problems, and the development of well-founded proposals for its improvement. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that, within the context of Uzbekistan’s garment manufacturing enterprises, the current state of the worker training system has been comprehensively analyzed, experimental studies have been conducted, and a system of practical recommendations has been developed through the integration of international and domestic experience. The approaches proposed in the article may be used by managers of garment manufacturing enterprises, HR managers, as well as faculty members of higher education institutions providing training for the industry, as methodological material for optimizing training programs, making investment decisions, and enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises.

This article examines and analyzes the practice of auditing consolidated financial statements in commercial banks and preparing audit reports based on international auditing standards. In the practice of auditing in banks, the issue of the application of international auditing standards by an external auditor, its features in the implementation of ISAs and the organization of audit reports and practical suggestions for its improvement are considered

In the context of the digital economy, there is a growing need to assess the role and significance of metacognitive abilities in the formation of digital competencies within the educational process, as well as their impact on learning effectiveness. The development of components such as metacognitive planning, monitoring, and reflection has been shown to significantly enhance learners’ ability to use digital technologies in a conscious, critical, and effective manner. In particular, the implementation of metacognitive approaches ensures the sustainable development of digital competencies and strengthens independent learning skills. The necessity of integrating metacognitive approaches across all levels of education in order to prepare a workforce that meets the requirements of the digital economy is substantiated

The article summarizes the main elements of the evaluation of the system of key performance indicators of general catering services and examines the role of its evaluation, paying attention to the development of general catering services in the formation of a platform for the sustainable development of trade and the national economy. It is based on the fact that the catering enterprise belongs to complex socio-economic systems according to its characteristics

This article is devoted to the issues of the essence and necessity of developing the trade services system, improving the organizational and economic mechanisms for the development of trade services, ensuring the strategic competitiveness of trade enterprises and developing theoretical and methodological aspects of forming competitive strategies, proposing ways to improve the service sector in trade and taking into account the characteristics of the service sector

In the article, an econometric analysis of the influence of the dynamics of changes in the structural structure of the liabilities of the joint-stock commercial bank "Mikrokreditbank" operating in the national economy on the formation of net interest income is carried out. In particular, in the analysis, the bank's net interest income before deducting potential losses on assets was taken as the dependent variable, and the bank's obligations to other banks, deposits, credit and leasing transactions, securities issued by the bank, subordinated debt and other obligations, and share capital were selected as independent variables. Based on the analysis, scientific conclusions were formed

This article provides a scientific and economic analysis of the priority areas of entrepreneurship and crafts development in mahallas in the conditions of Uzbekistan and practical recommendations aimed at supporting them. The study substantiates the role of the mahalla institution in regional economic development, its importance in ensuring employment and effective use of local resources. Special attention is also paid to improving the business environment, integrating handicraft activities with market infrastructure, improving financial support mechanisms, and developing human capital. The conclusions and proposals presented in the article serve the sustainable development of small businesses and crafts at the local level and are of practical importance in the activities of state and mahalla management bodies.