The article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the institutional approach and its impact on regional economic development. The concept of an institutional structural module is proposed based on the coherence between national and regional institutions, cooperation between formal and informal institutions, social trust and cultural factors.

This article examines the practical role of mahalla institutions in promoting employment, evaluates the effectiveness of existing organizational and institutional mechanisms, and substantiates the need for their improvement. The survey conducted at the mahalla level reveals that employment remains insufficiently prioritized among the main areas of mahalla activity, and current initiatives lack systematization. Within the study, an integrated institutional–organizational mechanism was developed to strengthen the functions of mahalla institutions across diagnostics, vocational training, support for self-employment initiatives, mobilization of financial resources, and monitoring. The proposed mechanism is aimed at enhancing the institutional capacity of mahalla governance in employment promotion, supporting household-based entrepreneurship, and revitalizing local labor markets.

The aim of this study is to develop a phased model for the gradual formation of an alternative finance ecosystem in Uzbekistan, taking into account the country’s existing financial market infrastructure, institutional capacity, and available alternative finance instruments. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a predominantly qualitative approach. The analysis results in the formulation of key policy directions and implementation stages for the development of an alternative finance ecosystem in the country. In particular, the study outlines the establishment of an institutional foundation to support alternative finance, the design of a human capital development strategy and the enhancement of awareness in the field of Islamic finance, the phased introduction of Islamic capital market instruments and the preparation and sequencing of development programs.

This article examines the issues of improving mechanisms for effective management of tourism services. The study analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical significance of institutional, economic, strategic, organizational, digital, marketing, monitoring, human resource, and sustainable development mechanisms in managing the tourism services market. Based on the case of Uzbekistan, the findings reveal that scientific research mainly focuses on institutional and economic mechanisms, while digital management, monitoring, and sustainability aspects remain insufficiently explored. The study substantiates the need for an integrated management approach and proposes scientifically grounded conclusions and practical recommendations for enhancing the efficiency of tourism services management.

This article provides a scientific analysis of the evolution of corporate governance systems in the context of the digital economy and changes in their institutional framework. The study substantiates that digital technologies are no longer auxiliary tools but have become the institutional core of modern corporate governance. Particular attention is paid to the changing role of the board of directors in shaping digital strategy, data governance, and digital risk management. The paper systematically examines institutional, organizational, technological, and regulatory challenges associated with the implementation of digital corporate governance in state-owned enterprises. The findings indicate that digital corporate governance enhances transparency, improves the timeliness and quality of managerial decision-making, and strengthens investment attractiveness. An original approach to a digital corporate governance model adapted to the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan is proposed.

This article analyzes the institutional foundations for regulating the process of preparing graduates for the labor market by higher education institutions. It highlights the issues of ensuring the interrelation between the higher education system and the labor market, developing mechanisms aimed at forming students' professional competencies, and facilitating their employment. The article examines the alignment of educational programs with labor market demands, the collaborative participation of the public and private sectors, and the necessity of applying innovative approaches.

The present study investigates the transformative impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, encapsulated in the "Industry 4.0" framework, on the socio-economic systems of G7 countries, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, drawing on contemporary scientific evidence. It explores how the integration of digital technologies—such as Big Data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and cyber-physical systems—reshapes industrial production, enhances resource efficiency, and fosters sustainable development, while simultaneously posing social and institutional challenges. The research employs a systemic analysis and comparative approach, highlighting the differential adoption of smart technologies like Smart Grid in Russia and IoT-driven agricultural advancements in Uzbekistan, alongside G7 leadership in automation. Findings reveal that while Industry 4.0 drives economic growth and environmental benefits, it also exacerbates labor market disruptions and resource demands, necessitating robust institutional reforms and a "Just Transition" framework. This comparative analysis underscores the need for tailored strategies to balance technological progress with social equity across diverse economic contexts.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the theoretical and practical foundations of state regulation of the real sector. Specifically, it defines the role of the state within the economic system, evaluates the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms, and examines the interactions between institutional and market-based approaches in a comprehensive manner. Within this framework, the study systematically highlights how state intervention is implemented through legal, financial, and administrative instruments, and assesses their impact on real sector entities. Additionally, the paper explores the specific features of public policy in various sectors of the economy – including industry, agriculture, infrastructure, and services –  and evaluates its influence on economic stability. Based on the findings, the study offers policy recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency of real sector regulation in the national economy.

This study evaluates the technical efficiency of wheat-producing farms in the Samarkand region and identifies the key factors influencing it. The analysis is based on survey data collected from 300 farmers in 2024. A two-stage methodological approach was applied: in the first stage, technical efficiency scores for each farm were estimated using the Cobb-Douglas production function; in the second stage, socio-economic and institutional determinants of efficiency were assessed using the Tobit regression model. The results reveal that the average technical efficiency level is 0.868, indicating that farmers have the potential to increase productivity by 13% using existing resources. According to the Tobit model, household size, the practice of tree planting, and the freedom to use fertilizers have a statistically significant and positive impact on efficiency, whereas membership in agricultural clusters has a significant but negative effect. The findings suggest that enhancing technical efficiency requires liberalizing input use, promoting environmentally friendly practices, and improving institutional frameworks.

The article examines the specifics and effectiveness of applying integration mechanisms in sensitive areas of bilateral cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The focus is placed on analyzing those areas of interaction that require a special approach to regulation and alignment of interests, including trade and economic relations, the energy sector, and migration. An assessment of the existing integration instruments is carried out, and institutional and organizational barriers limiting their effectiveness are identified. Particular attention is given to the potential for further deepening cooperation within the framework of Eurasian integration processes and the search for optimal models of interaction that contribute to the growth of mutual economic benefits. The findings and recommendations obtained may be used in shaping strategies for the development of Russian-Uzbek relations and improving integration policies in the region.

The article examines the theoretical foundations of regional development, analyzing the stages of the formation of its concepts and contemporary approaches. In addition to traditional theories of convergence and divergence, and the core–periphery model, modern concepts such as endogenous growth, innovation, and clustering are also considered. Particular attention is given to the role of financial mechanisms and public finance in promoting regional development, as well as the importance of institutional and organizational frameworks in enhancing their effectiveness. It is emphasized that, under current conditions, the most effective path to regional development is an integrative approach that harmonizes economic, social, political, and cultural factors. Accordingly, the article scientifically substantiates the principles of targeted and efficient use of financial instruments to ensure regional prosperity and sustainable economic growth.

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the impact of economic growth, industrial development, foreign direct investment, and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions in Uzbekistan over the period 1991-2024, employing the ARDL and ECM frameworks. The results indicate that, in both the long and short run, economic growth is associated with improvements in environmental efficiency, whereas foreign direct investment is predominantly concentrated in emission-intensive sectors. The findings highlight the need to enhance industrial policy through strengthened institutional and investment mechanisms.

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the mechanisms of attracting foreign direct investment as an important direction of economic policy. Classical, neoclassical, corporate, institutional, and political-economic approaches to explaining investment processes are considered and compared. The need for an integrated approach is substantiated, taking into account the corporate advantages of investors, the terms of placement, the quality of institutions and the role of public investment policy.