This article examines the economic essence of the performance efficiency of Islamic financial institutions, their role in the modern financial system, and their significance in financing the real sector of the economy. The paper analyses the fundamental principles of Islamic finance, including the prohibition of riba, gharar and maysir, the reliance of financial transactions on real assets, the equitable distribution of profit and loss, and the compliance of financial operations with Shariah requirements. Particular attention is paid to the economic content, operational mechanisms, risk characteristics and profitability potential of Islamic financial instruments such as musharakah, mudarabah, murabahah, ijarah, salam, istisna, sukuk, qard hasan and takaful. The study substantiates the role of Islamic financial institutions in expanding financial inclusion, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, financing investment projects and reducing systemic financial risks. The AAOIFI and IFSB international standards are considered important methodological foundations for the legal, accounting and prudential regulation of Islamic financial institutions. The article argues that the efficiency of Islamic financial instruments is reflected in their ability to distribute risks fairly, ensure asset-backed financing, strengthen social responsibility and contribute to sustainable economic development.

This article discusses issues of financial support for the agricultural sector. A
review of existing instruments of state financial support for agricultural producers in developed
countries was carried out. An analysis of direct and indirect methods of financial support for the
agricultural sector of the USA and Canada was carried out. As a result of the analysis, conclusions
were drawn about financial support for the agricultural sector

This article analyzes the processes of preparing and analyzing the financial statements of joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan. Issues related to the transparency of financial statements and their alignment with international standards are discussed, including opportunities to enhance investment attractiveness through the application of IFRS requirements. A comparative analysis of national and international reporting standards is provided, along with the advantages of using modern digital technologies in financial analysis. Based on the conducted research, recommendations are proposed to ensure the financial stability of the corporate sector and its future development.

In this study, theoretical and practical approaches to tax regulation of the financial sector are studied. Effective tax regulation considers the application of a tax on financial activities. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were drawn on financial activity tax.

In the context of modern financial management and control, the public sector is becoming the object of increasing attention. This article comprehensively analyzes the current state and promising directions for the development of the financial control system in state and public organizations, with special attention paid to optimizing control processes for the efficient use of public resources and achieving strategic goals. In addition, the article examines the problems faced by financial control in the public sector.

In recent years, the financing of higher education has undergone significant transformations, influenced by shifting economic policies and the increasing demand for educational services. This article examines the evolution of financial planning in higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide, highlighting the interplay between public and private funding sources. It explores various financing models adopted by countries, particularly focusing on the roles of government and private sector contributions. Comparative case studies from the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom illustrate the diverse strategies employed to ensure access, quality, and sustainability in higher education. The article concludes with key lessons for HEIs aiming to navigate financial challenges and achieve long-term growth, emphasizing the importance of strategic financial planning, revenue diversification, and institutional autonomy.

This article examines the processes of integration of traditional and Islamic banking activities, their impact on the global financial market, and the opportunities and challenges in this area. The study analyzes the economic efficiency of the creation of “Islamic windows” within traditional banks, their role in ensuring financial stability, and the possibilities of diversifying the financial market. It also highlights the importance of this integration in the stability of the banking system in developing countries and attracting foreign investment based on empirical and theoretical approaches. The article reveals the prospects for international financial cooperation and strengthening the position of Islamic finance in the global financial market.

This article is dedicated to the consideration of important issues of increasing the level of financial literacy in the educational system of Uzbekistan, especially in school education, and to the study of advanced foreign experiences. The article analyzes the financial literacy programs of Finland and examines ways of adapting them to the conditions of Uzbekistan and other countries. Emphasizing that financial literacy has a positive effect on the economic stability and well-being of the population, the research notes the need for public and private sector cooperation, the organization of special courses and training in educational institutions, as well as the use of modern technologies. Proposals and recommendations developed on the basis of Finnish experiences are of great importance in the formation of practical programs aimed at increasing financial literacy in the school education system of Uzbekistan. Today, the teaching experience of the pedagogues of their countries is embodied in the Finnish education system. After all, for more than ten years, 15-year-old students in this country have regularly shown very good results in the PISA international assessment program. The success of Finland is the teachers. Their status and independence are ensured for high-quality training. Education policy is aimed at equality. It should be mentioned that the location and climate of Finland have an impact on its economy.

In this article, the factors affecting the level of problem loans are studied. Many factors such as macroeconomic, financial, social, and personal factors are discussed in the analysis. Macroeconomic conditions, especially inflation, unemployment, and credit rates, credit problems will have a big impact on the level. Also, the credit policies of financial institutions and the low level of financial literacy may also have a negative effect on the ability of credit borrowers to repay their debts. Social factors, for example, people not being able to accurately assess their financial situation or not being well prepared for economic shocks, cause the level of problem loans to increase. Personal factors, including the borrower's ability to make rational financial decisions, personal past economic experience, or problems related to forgotten obligations play a large role.

This article examines how financial stability in agriculture can be enhanced through the integration of budgetary, insurance and banking mechanisms of agricultural financing. The main purpose of the study is to assess the synergistic effect of combining government budget support, agricultural insurance and commercial bank lending in the context of Uzbekistan’s rural sector. The methodological framework includes a literature review, correlation and regression analysis, an insurance pricing model, credit risk analysis and the assessment of a farm capitalization index. The empirical database is built using statistics from international organizations such as the IMF, FAO, World Bank and OECD, as well as official data from Uzbekistan. The results show that higher public agricultural expenditure reduces the volatility of agricultural growth, expanded insurance coverage improves farmers’ access to credit, and insured loans exhibit significantly lower default probabilities. The relatively low farm capitalization index indicates that Uzbekistan’s agricultural sector is undercapitalized and constrained in terms of long-term investments. The authors argue that the integrated use of budgetary support, insurance schemes and bank lending should be viewed as a strategic direction for strengthening financial stability in agriculture and propose practical policy recommendations for agricultural and financial authorities.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the economic and environmental importance of green finance instruments in improving the field of waste processing. Currently, increasing industrial emissions, increasing environmental problems, and the need to use resources wisely require the development of a waste recycling system. Green financial instruments are emerging as an important financial mechanism in this process. The article explains the nature of financial instruments such as green bonds, environmental loans, government subsidies, and grants, and analyzes their practical application in the waste recycling sector. During the study, the current state of the Waste Recycling Industry, existing financial problems and investment constraints were studied. In particular, it is justified that traditional sources of financing cannot fully meet the technological modernization and environmental safety requirements of enterprises. Therefore, the need to form a long-term and sustainable financing system through green financial instruments is emphasized.

The article explores the economic content and significance of ensuring economic
and financial stability of insurance companies. It examines the economic environment of
insurance, its sensitivity to changes, and, through financial and statistical analysis, the scientific
and practical aspects of ensuring the stability of insurance companies are studied. The article also
discusses risk management strategies, regulatory documents, and their financial impact, which
are essential for maintaining stability. The financial stability of insurance companies not only
influences the sector itself but also has a significant impact on the national economy. Therefore,
the article presents proposals and recommendations aimed at strengthening the insurance system
in the economies of various countries.

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the theoretical and practical foundations of state regulation of the real sector. Specifically, it defines the role of the state within the economic system, evaluates the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms, and examines the interactions between institutional and market-based approaches in a comprehensive manner. Within this framework, the study systematically highlights how state intervention is implemented through legal, financial, and administrative instruments, and assesses their impact on real sector entities. Additionally, the paper explores the specific features of public policy in various sectors of the economy – including industry, agriculture, infrastructure, and services –  and evaluates its influence on economic stability. Based on the findings, the study offers policy recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency of real sector regulation in the national economy.

This article examines the issues of financial support for the social sector. The study outlines the economic essence of the social sphere, its main funding sources, and its place within the state budget system. The role of fiscal policy in shaping social expenditures and supporting social development is also analyzed. The research employs both descriptive and econometric methods. Using a multiple regression model, it evaluates the impact of tax revenues, budget deficits, and inflation indicators on the share of social expenditures. The findings made it possible to develop certain scientific conclusions and practical recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency of social sector financing.

This article addresses the issues of implementing International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) as an important tool for enhancing transparency, accountability, and efficiency in the management of public finances. The objectives and benefits of IPSAS are discussed, including improving the quality of financial reporting, attracting investment, and increasing trust in government institutions. Special attention is given to the process of adapting the standards in Uzbekistan, including the development of national standards, training specialists, modernizing technologies, and providing legal and regulatory support. The challenges associated with the implementation of IPSAS are also analyzed, along with the prospects for their application in fostering sustainable economic development.

This article is dedicated to the financial analysis of Uzbekistan's banking sector, examining its current state, identifying challenges and shortcomings. The economic efficiency of banks in Uzbekistan is analyzed using examples of both state-owned and private financial institutions. The study explores the dominant market position of major state-owned banks, their share of assets and liabilities, as well as profitability indicators. Key issues and deficiencies hindering the development of the banking sector are also analyzed.

The study paper provides a detailed examination of how digital marketing methods affect the economic efficiency of commercial banks, specifically within the changing environment of the banking sector. The study examines the relationship between higher digital marketing spending, increased investment in staff development, and their impact on the net income of banks using 18 years of financial data from ATIB "Mortgage Bank" in Uzbekistan. The study uses advanced statistical analysis to create Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models to predict and assess the impact of marketing initiatives in the banking industry. The results highlight a strong correlation between increased digital marketing initiatives, greater staff commitment, and higher financial success of commercial banks. The VAR and ARDL econometric equations, generated from time series data, offer a strong foundation for comprehending the dynamic relationship between marketing tactics and economic results in the banking sector. This research adds to the overall discussion on the effectiveness of digital marketing, providing significant data for financial institutions looking to improve their economic efficiency by strategically investing in marketing and human resources.

This paper discusses the mechanism of transmission of the monetary policy in Uzbekistan in the framework of the inflation targeting (IT) which is officially followed by the Central Bank of Uzbekistan since 2021 (CBU). The analysis indicates that the main refinancing rate is transmitted into the financial system to impact output and prices using methods of Vector Autoregression (VAR) and Structural VAR (SVAR) on quarterly data covering 2010-2023. The results show that interest rate channel is the most effective transmission channel, exchange rate channel comes next and credit channel is limited by structural weakness in the banking sector. The monetary policy shocks explain about 18-22 percent of inflation variance at a 12-month horizon. Some of the major obstacles are dollarization, strong state-owned banking industry, ineffective financial intermediation and low financial literacy. Some of the policy prescriptions include complementary fiscal moderation, faster financial sector reform, and better communication by the central bank.

The article is devoted to analyzing the transformation of the banking sector in the context of the active implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. It examines the key areas of AI application in banking activities, including automation of operational processes, intelligent risk management, personalization of customer services, and the development of innovative financial products. Special attention is given to how AI changes traditional banking business models, enhances banks’ competitiveness, and creates new strategic advantages in the financial market. The challenges and risks of digital transformation  including cybersecurity issues, the ethics of AI usage, and compliance with regulatory requirements  are analyzed. The study concludes that the integration of AI technologies into the banking system is becoming an essential condition for its sustainable development and global competitiveness.

This article discusses the main directions of improving the accounting system in non-bank credit institutions in the context of digitalization of the financial sector. The analysis of the current state of accounting processes in microfinance organizations, pawnshops and other non-bank credit institutions is carried out. The international approaches to the organization of financial reporting are investigated and the key problems of accounting in this sector are identified. Practical recommendations on the introduction of digital technologies, standardization of accounting procedures and improvement of the quality of financial reporting of non-bank credit institutions are proposed.

This scientific article analyzes the theoretical foundations, economic mechanisms, and institutional aspects of supporting the participation of state-owned enterprises in financial markets. Based on empirical and statistical data, the study demonstrates that the participation of state-owned enterprises in capital markets contributes to increasing market liquidity, attracting long-term investment resources, and reducing the burden on the state budget. In particular, the role of the public sector in capital markets is revealed through the analysis of IPO and SPO activities as well as corporate bond issuance dynamics. The research findings indicate that supporting the participation of state-owned enterprises in financial markets is a key factor in strengthening financial stability, developing market infrastructure, and ensuring the long-term growth of the national economy.

Practice shows that public finance management is constantly evolving, the organizational and legal forms of budgetary institutions are changing, as well as the procedure for their financing and state support for commercial organizations is also developing. It is obvious that this, in turn, increases the urgency of the issue of improving the state financial control. This article presents an analysis of the current state of work carried out in the system of state financial control in order to reform the public finance sector and ensure the efficient and rational use of budget funds.

This article examines the efficiency of small business in the service sector of Uzbekistan and its role in ensuring sustainable economic growth. The study highlights the key determinants of development, including government support, infrastructure quality, access to financial resources, and workforce skills. Particular attention is given to the introduction of innovations and digital technologies, which contribute to the optimization of business processes, cost reduction, and market expansion. The analysis shows that despite the positive results achieved, the sector still faces several challenges such as limited access to finance, high competition, and administrative barriers. At the same time, government initiatives aimed at reducing bureaucratic procedures, providing tax incentives, and stimulating the export of services create favorable conditions for further development. It is concluded that small businesses in the service sector have significant potential to expand their contribution to the economy, especially through export development and integration into international markets. The implementation of comprehensive measures will enhance the competitiveness of small enterprises and ensure further diversification of Uzbekistan’s economy.

The article examines the role of Islamic banking in stimulating the inflow of investments into the real sector of the economy. Islamic financial institutions, based on Sharia principles, ensure fair risk-sharing, transaction transparency, and a focus on projects with real economic value. Based on an analysis of theoretical foundations and the experience of countries with a developed Islamic financial system, it is revealed that Islamic banking contributes not only to attracting domestic and foreign investments but also to enhancing the stability of the financial sector. Particular attention is given to the prospects for implementing Islamic banking in Uzbekistan as a factor in supporting small and medium-sized businesses, developing infrastructure, and strengthening trust in the banking system.

This article analyzes the current state of attracting investments, loans, and financial resources for the development of the tourism sector in the Khorezm region. In particular, it examines the main challenges in financing, collateral security, infrastructure shortages, and legal barriers. Moreover, special attention is given to ecological aspects, sustainable tourism, green technologies, and ecotourism opportunities. Based on descriptive, comparative, ecological, and SWOT analyses, strategic proposals have been developed to address key issues, leverage opportunities, and promote sustainable tourism development.