In accordance with the “Financial Instruments: Information Disclosure”
standard No. 7, the article describes the essence, purpose, functions and application aspects of
financial instrument accounting disclosure. In recent years, the variety of financial instruments
and the complexity of their dynamics in financial markets have sharply increased in the world.
This serves to increase the risk of financial instruments. The article describes the types of risks in
accounting for financial instruments and the procedure for explaining them. In the system of
international financial reporting standards, the topic of financial instruments is considered the
most complex. Accounting information for financial instruments requires a large amount of
knowledge and skills. IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures Good disclosure is more of an art
than a science

This article examines the economic essence of the performance efficiency of Islamic financial institutions, their role in the modern financial system, and their significance in financing the real sector of the economy. The paper analyses the fundamental principles of Islamic finance, including the prohibition of riba, gharar and maysir, the reliance of financial transactions on real assets, the equitable distribution of profit and loss, and the compliance of financial operations with Shariah requirements. Particular attention is paid to the economic content, operational mechanisms, risk characteristics and profitability potential of Islamic financial instruments such as musharakah, mudarabah, murabahah, ijarah, salam, istisna, sukuk, qard hasan and takaful. The study substantiates the role of Islamic financial institutions in expanding financial inclusion, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, financing investment projects and reducing systemic financial risks. The AAOIFI and IFSB international standards are considered important methodological foundations for the legal, accounting and prudential regulation of Islamic financial institutions. The article argues that the efficiency of Islamic financial instruments is reflected in their ability to distribute risks fairly, ensure asset-backed financing, strengthen social responsibility and contribute to sustainable economic development.

This scientific article describes the conceptual basis of scientific views on the
financial system. The scientific views of the supporters of classical and neoclassical financial
theory on the financial system, its elements and financial stability in a polysemantic description
are studied. Scientific views on the prospects of ensuring the stability of the financial system under
the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors are systematized

In a market economy, liquidity and solvency are the most important
characteristics of financial and economic activities of enterprises, in particular in oil refining. The
financial condition determines the competitiveness of an enterprise, its potential in business
processes, to what extent the economic interests of the enterprise and its counterparties in
financial and other relations are respected. Liquidity is the ability of an asset to be sold in a
business, economy, or invested without significant price changes and with little loss of value. The
most liquid asset is money or cash on hand, which can be immediately used to carry out economic
transactions, including buying, selling, paying off debts, and meeting urgent desires and needs.
The basis of any company is liquidity. A comprehensive liquidity assessment is necessary for each
company, as it helps to predict future behavior. The article examines the theoretical aspects of
liquidity and solvency, analyzes the refinery, while assessing the main shortcomings and problems,
and provides recommendations for improving the financial condition

This article analyzes the specific aspects of organizing the accounting for lease transactions in accordance with IFRS 16. In particular, it examines the recognition and presentation of the right-of-use asset and lease liability in the financial statements. The study explores the conditions for recognizing the right-of-use asset and lease liability, as well as the issues related to their disclosure in the notes to the relevant financial statements.

This article examines the role of investment portfolio management in the effective management of bank financial resources, the state of investment portfolios of commercial banks and their impact on asset liquidity. According to the research materials and methods, the definitions and opinions given by a number of foreign and domestic economists-scientists on the topic were studied, and the author explained their meaning. In addition, the article provides proposals and practical recommendations for the development of a draft regulatory legal document on the management of financial resources of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the development of a program of measures aimed at managing assets in commercial banks.

This article discusses the theoretical issues of accounting for digital financial assets. Using foreign experience, proposals are made for accounting transactions with cryptocurrency.

This article discusses some theoretical issues of taxation of digital financial assets. Proposals for taxation of income from operations with cryptocurrency using foreign experience.

The article examines the key directions for strengthening the financial stability of enterprises in the textile industry. Particular attention is paid to the development and implementation of measures aimed at mitigating financial risks, optimizing the use of assets, and improving the efficiency of capital and reserves management. The study highlights the importance of introducing a KPI-based system to ensure systematic monitoring of the implementation of these measures and the achievement of targeted results. The proposed approach contributes to enhancing long-term economic resilience and competitiveness of enterprises in a rapidly changing business environment.

Based on decision PC No. 4611 of February 24, 2020, “On additional measures for the transition to international financial reporting standards,” the article analyzes IFRS and develops scientific proposals and recommendations regarding the correct accounting of asset impairment in the reporting of enterprises that have received IFRS.

The article identifies and evaluates the emergence of financial stability in banks and its specific characteristics. Scientific studies by local and foreign scholars on this category have been examined and systematized. The perspectives of scholars regarding indicators such as capital adequacy and liquidity in ensuring financial stability have been analyzed. Based on the research, scientific conclusions and recommendations have been developed.

This article discusses the procedure for accounting for the sale of fixed assets and leasing them back according to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The problem with this topic is that the issue of sale and leaseback is not currently applied in the practice of Uzbekistan and is new to us. The authors examined this issue in detail in the article with examples and accounting records. The tables presented were compiled by the authors of the article. The forms of the statement of financial position and the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income in a shortened form are taken from international practice in preparing financial statements. To resolve the issue, the double entry method in accounting was used. The merit of the authors is that the issue under consideration with examples, tables and report forms was made available to Uzbek accounting practitioners and other interested parties.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the problems arising in the process of globalization and experienced in adjusting the National Accounting Standards (NAS) in Uzbekistan, including the standard related to intangible assets, in compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as well as the solutions proposed thereof. Herewith the author proposes the recommendations worked out for recognition of intangible assets, assessment of book value, the method of calculating amortization, revaluation model, the order of disclosure of information on intangible assets in the financial statements in accordance with international standards (IFRS 38). Moreover, there some considerations on the revaluation model of intangible assets to assess their impact on initial value, amortization, long-term and total assets.

The scientific article highlights the theoretical foundations of the effectiveness of state financial control conducted in budgetary organizations. Data on the distribution of funds coming from the budget by region, budget audit, budget control and expertise were touched upon. In addition, a number of financial audits have been conducted and analyzed.

This article critically examines the challenges and opportunities related to the taxation of digital financial assets in the context of Uzbekistan. Focusing on existing challenges within the regulatory framework, it examines issues such as the lack of clear asset classification, the unclear tax regime for cryptocurrencies, the lack of adequate regulations for initial coin offerings (ICOs), limited international cooperation, and inadequate reporting mechanisms. The article offers a set of scientifically based recommendations adapted to the conditions of Uzbekistan aimed at eliminating these problems and creating a more flexible and efficient taxation system. By addressing these issues, the article aims to provide valuable insights for tax authorities and stakeholders managing the emerging digital financial ecosystem in Uzbekistan.

This study examines the impact of the relationship between bank assets and liabilities on bank profitability, highlighting the critical role of effective asset-liability management in financial performance. Banks generate income primarily through interest earned on assets such as loans and investments, while liabilities, including deposits and borrowings, represent the cost of funds. The balance between these two elements determines net interest income (NII) and net interest margin (NIM), both key indicators of profitability. Factors such as interest rate spreads, asset quality, maturity mismatches, and liquidity management significantly influence the bank’s profitability. A well-managed asset-liability mix enhances income stability and reduces risks associated with interest rate fluctuations and liquidity constraints. Conversely, poor management can lead to reduced margins, increased risk exposure, and potential financial instability. Understanding and optimizing the interplay between assets and liabilities is essential for banks to maximize profitability, manage risks, and sustain long-term growth in a competitive and regulated environment. From this point of view, in this article, I tried to reveal the importance of the net interest margin in increasing the profitability of the bank, as well as the state of management of bank assets and liabilities in the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and its effect on the efficiency of the banking system.

The article analyzes the role of the insurance portfolio in the activities of insurance companies and the problems associated with its formation and management. Key portfolio functions such as risk diversification, liquidity, profitability and compliance with regulatory requirements are considered. Particular attention is paid to optimizing asset allocation and forecasting risks in the context of economic instability and legislative changes. The importance of scientific research for developing new methods of asset management and increasing the financial stability of insurance companies is emphasized.

This article discusses the application and modification of lease instrument, which is one of the services of Islamic finance. The important features of financing the lease transaction and the corresponding accounting policy and procedure are described and explained. In particular, it is emphasized that when using lease as an instrument of Islamic finance, the presence of an asset in the lease agreement, full provision of all descriptions and full fulfillment of the terms of the contract are among the most important aspects. In conclusion, it is substantiated that with this type of contract, the amount of fair rent does not lead to unjust enrichment as a result of the exchange of opposite values.

The article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of the market of digital assets and cryptocurrencies, which is one of the most relevant and dynamically developing areas of modern law and economics. The work examines the main approaches to the regulation of digital assets in various countries, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of existing legal norms and proposals for their improvement. Based on the analysis, recommendations are proposed for the formation of an effective legal framework that can ensure the stable development of the market for digital assets and cryptocurrencies, while minimizing potential risks.

Ensuring the quality of asset portfolios of commercial banks, the need to ensure their financial stability and liquidity is considered one of the current issues. In this scientific article, an attempt was made to develop a scientific proposal and practical recommendations on ways to increase the efficiency of the assets of commercial banks.

This article analyzes the formation of the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan, its evolutionary development stages, and prospects in the context of modern economic reforms. The study provides a detailed overview of the transformation of the banking system during the years of independence, particularly the fundamental reforms carried out in the period after 2017, the privatization of banks, and digital transformation. Macroeconomic factors ensuring the stability of the banking system, capital adequacy, and asset quality are analyzed based on statistical data. The article also discusses issues of liberalization of the banking services market, cooperation with international financial institutions, and the introduction of modern fintech technologies into the sector. As a resul, of the study, scientific and practical proposals and recommendations for the further development of the banking system of Uzbekistan have been developed, aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the industry.

We investigated the relation between profitability and risks in the investments of commercial banks in real estate. The article investigates the position of real estate in the investment portfolio of banks, the earnings generating mechanisms and the principal types of risks experienced at the investment stage. Particular attention is paid to the impact of real estate investments on the financial stability of banks. The empirical study is conducted using the example of Kapitalbank, highlighting the importance of a risk-oriented approach in managing real estate investments. The implications of the study are practical for improving investment strategies and enhancing asset quality in commercial banks.

In this article, the improvement of the audit of long-term assets based on international standards serves to increase the accuracy and transparency of financial statements. Within this topic, long-term asset valuation methods, principles of accounting for their depreciation, and verification processes in accordance with international auditing standards are analyzed. A standardized approach helps provide reliable information for investors and stakeholders while increasing the efficiency of the audit process.

The article is aimed at increasing the efficiency and strengthening the financial stability of commercial banks of Uzbekistan, analyzing the main factors influencing the return on assets (ROA) indicator. Based on data from the Central Bank, the growth of the loan portfolio and the increase in the share of loans from individuals were analyzed. The article substantiates the need for strict management of credit risks, optimization of interest margins, optimization of operating expenses through digital technologies, and strategic diversification of assets through securities as the main drivers of increasing operational efficiency.

This article investigates the theoretical foundations of intangible asset accounting in public healthcare institutions and examines their economic and social significance under digital transformation. The research reveals that intangible assets — including electronic medical records, health information systems, licenses, clinical protocols, medical databases, and intellectual resources have become the main drivers of service efficiency and organizational performance in healthcare institutions. An Integrated Assessment Index (IAI) model is developed based on five indicators: value of information systems, clinical licenses, medical database value, efficiency of electronic services, and intellectual capacity. The findings demonstrate that relying solely on financial indicators to assess intangible assets is insufficient, and a multidimensional approach that incorporates social benefits and service performance must be applied. The results provide practical implications for improving accounting policies, enhancing funding efficiency, and strategically managing intellectual resources within the digital economy environment of the healthcare sector.