This article examines retail banking products in commercial banks and their impact on the efficiency of banking activities. Through a comprehensive analysis of relevant literature and empirical data, the author studied various dimensions of retail banking products and their impact on banking efficiency. In addition, the article conducted research and analysis on the areas of transformation and digitization of banks, the role of retail banking products in increasing bank income, improving customer relations, and saving bank costs. In general, the article examined how retail banking products contribute to the efficiency of banking activities and conducted a comprehensive analysis on the example of JSCB with foreign capital “Hamkorbank”.

This article analyzes the formation of the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan, its evolutionary development stages, and prospects in the context of modern economic reforms. The study provides a detailed overview of the transformation of the banking system during the years of independence, particularly the fundamental reforms carried out in the period after 2017, the privatization of banks, and digital transformation. Macroeconomic factors ensuring the stability of the banking system, capital adequacy, and asset quality are analyzed based on statistical data. The article also discusses issues of liberalization of the banking services market, cooperation with international financial institutions, and the introduction of modern fintech technologies into the sector. As a resul, of the study, scientific and practical proposals and recommendations for the further development of the banking system of Uzbekistan have been developed, aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the industry.

This article examines interbank competition and its role in ensuring the stability of the country's banking system. In addition, the article analyzes the current state of interbank competition in our country and its specific trends, stability of the banking system and the factors influencing it. Relevant conclusions have been developed.

The article identifies and evaluates the emergence of financial stability in banks and its specific characteristics. Scientific studies by local and foreign scholars on this category have been examined and systematized. The perspectives of scholars regarding indicators such as capital adequacy and liquidity in ensuring financial stability have been analyzed. Based on the research, scientific conclusions and recommendations have been developed.

This article examines the impact of Fintech technologies, automation processes, and the human factor on the efficiency of banking services. Based on the case of commercial banks in Uzbekistan, the study analyzes digital transformation processes and compares them with international practices. The findings indicate that Fintech automation, when combined with strong human capital, significantly increases service speed, accuracy, and customer satisfaction. The paper also proposes a “human–technology balance model” as a new conceptual approach to enhancing efficiency in the banking sector.

This article examines approaches to optimizing capital requirements for insurance companies in Uzbekistan. It analyzes existing regulatory frameworks and international standards, including Solvency II. The study explores risks associated with insufficient capitalization and proposes measures to improve capital and reserve management mechanisms. The research aims to adapt advanced regulatory practices to the national insurance market, ensuring its sustainable development.

Attention is paid to the initial investment and capital level of banks as an important issue, because the global financial and economic crisis that began in 2008 proved once again that increasing their capitalization level is one of the most important economic issues in ensuring the stability of the banking system. In our analysis, the level of our capitalization, its effect on credit efficiency and indicators of effective use of credit by consumers (clients) were analyzed on the example of Uzbek banks, and the author developed ideas as a solution to the problems. Data on credit rates of ATB "Agrobanki" and HSBC Holdings Bank of Great Britain were used.

The article describes the importance of the KPI system in increasing the profitability of commercial banks in ouг republic, the reasons for its emergence, the need to use and improve the KPI system, the impact of the KPI system on increasing the volume of income-generating assets of the bank and reducing problem loans.

This article analyzes the directions of increasing economic efficiency by transforming Joint Stock Companies. The indicators of economic efficiency were explained by the growth of bank assets, population deposits and loan investments

Ensuring the sustainability of commercial banks' liabilities is a prerequisite for strengthening their resource base and ensuring solvency. In particular, the stability of the share of regulatory capital in the volume of liabilities increases the resilience of a commercial bank to the consequences of financial crises, and ensuring the adequacy of deposits plays an important role in strengthening the bank’s resource base.

In the article, the analysis of the practical situation of the financial indicators directly and indirectly affecting the lending mechanism is carried out on the example of a foreign commercial bank, and the results are highlighted. In particular, scientific conclusions were formed by analyzing the 10-year dynamics of commercial banks' composition of assets and liabilities, profitability of assets and capital, structure of bank income.

The article presents the experience of ICBC Bank of China, one of the economically developed countries, in the formation and management of the revenue base of commercial banks.

The article describes the concept of "bank control", its essence, economic importance, international bank control, world experience, the banking system and control procedures in our republic have improved over the years. Conclusions are presented at the end of the article.

In recent years, mortgage loans have become increasingly important. Also, without a system, the timely development of the capital market, including mortgage and insurance, is impossible. From this point of view, this topic is always relevant and is the focus of attention of researchers. This article analyzes the concept of mortgage insurance, its main types and implementation mechanisms. The article also indicates the main advantages of mortgage insurance for various participants in these relationships.

The article analyzes modern approaches to improving the risk management system in commercial banks of Uzbekistan. It provides specific statistical data on commercial banks for the period of 2022–2025. Definitions are given for credit, market, operational, liquidity, reputational, and compliance risks encountered in banking activities and practices, along with proposed measures to prevent these risks in the Uzbekistan market. In this regard, methods for risk reduction are suggested through the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, as well as integrated solutions that encompass international standards, technological innovations, and the development of human capital to enhance the financial stability of banks.

This article examines the role of investment portfolio management in the effective management of bank financial resources, the state of investment portfolios of commercial banks and their impact on asset liquidity. According to the research materials and methods, the definitions and opinions given by a number of foreign and domestic economists-scientists on the topic were studied, and the author explained their meaning. In addition, the article provides proposals and practical recommendations for the development of a draft regulatory legal document on the management of financial resources of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the development of a program of measures aimed at managing assets in commercial banks.

This article discusses the corporate income tax of banks. Empirical studies have revealed the significance of the impact of corporate income tax on the structure of capital and liabilities of banks, leverage and loan portfolios. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were drawn on the taxation of bank profits.

The article examines foreign and domestic literature to show the role of dividend policy of commercial banks in increasing the level of capitalization of banks and examines the advantages of a regular dividend policy. In particular, when studying the scientific views of researchers, a number of shortcomings and issues in the dividend policy of commercial banks were identified. Also, commercial banks are examined as active participants in the stock market, as well as financial data on dividends payout was investigated. Based on the research conducted, conclusions and practical recommendations have been formulated.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of the digital economy in the socio-economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It examines the institutional foundations of digital transformation, the development of ICT infrastructure, the digitalization of public administration and the private sector, and the implementation of innovative technologies in industry, education, healthcare, and agriculture. Special attention is given to the challenges of digitalization, including digital literacy, cybersecurity, and human capital development. Based on the analysis, the study identifies the key prospects for the further advancement of the digital economy and its impact on sustainable economic growth and the country's competitiveness.

The article analyzes the dynamics of the credit activity of JSCB "Microcreditbank", one of the commercial banks in the national economy, including the volume of loans and their share in the structure of assets, as well as the comparative status of assets and deposits and loans, the structure of loans by sectors of the economy, and the structure of general loans by preferential and commercial loans, as well as by individuals and legal entities, in 2020-2024. At the same time, conclusions are drawn and proposals are developed, having studied the theoretical and methodological aspects of the research direction.

This article analyzes the concept of financial derivatives, their types and practical application. It also presents the level of development of the derivatives market in Uzbekistan, existing problems and the author's proposals for their elimination. The study highlights the importance of derivatives for the economy, their role in risk management and the opportunities they create for investors. The author proposes important measures to improve the legislative framework, create infrastructure and attract investors to develop the financial derivatives market in Uzbekistan.

In our country, a youth policy has been developed for the younger generation, especially for them to take their place in society, and this policy has been strengthened by a legal basis and is enshrined in our main document, the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and a number of regulatory documents, as well as a statement of research aimed at ensuring profitability in increasing population entrepreneurship.

Scientific proposals and practical recommendations are given, paying attention to issues such as the current situation and solutions observed in the population, the scientific potential of the population, the situation in education, assistance to the population with poor social status, providing them with modern education in achieving a level of spiritual maturity, and especially providing them with employment.

The article develops recommendations on the application of the proposals and recommendations on the role of banks in increasing population entrepreneurship in the process of compiling reports of JSCB "Mikrokreditbank".

The article describes the theoretical and practical aspects of the role of financial indicators of banks in the implementation of effective lending mechanisms in commercial banks. In particular, the composition of assets and liabilities of commercial banks, the profitability of assets and capital, the 10-year dynamics of problem loans in commercial banks and their share, as well as the 10-year dynamics of the amount of reserves created for them, were formed.

The article discusses the impact of the investment mechanism on the technical
and technological development of the national economy and changes in its sectoral structure over
the years of independence, as well as changes in the state investment policy and investment in
fixed assets by technological, sectoral structure and sources of funding.