This article addresses the complexities inherent in real estate taxation systems. It highlights the lack of clearly defined priority areas in methods for calculating property taxes. The primary forms of taxation identified include ad valorem tax (based on property value), area-based tax, and income tax derived from real estate. Despite the diversity of these forms, there is a global trend toward ensuring fairness, transparency, and user-friendliness in the development of real estate tax systems. In this context, the integration of artificial intelligence and Automated Valuation Models (AVM) is becoming increasingly significant. The main objective of the paper is to analyze the fundamental elements of the real estate taxation system and to substantiate the crucial role of the property appraiser in ensuring consistency and equity within the taxing process. The research findings demonstrate that real estate taxation is a system composed of interconnected and complementary elements. Furthermore, the study scientifically justifies which specific stages of the taxable value determination process should be directly conducted by professional appraisers.

This article examines the scientifically based methodology for taxation and valuation of real estate. In order to increase the efficiency of the taxation system, various models and valuation methods are used to determine the market value of real estate. The main attention is paid to the use of comparative, cost, and income approaches in assessing the influence of price-forming factors. Statistical analysis, expert assessment, and mathematical modeling methods are widely used in taxation and valuation of real estate. This methodology is based on the correct selection of market information and data on types of real estate, which contributes to the fair distribution of the tax burden. Also, proposals and recommendations have been developed for the implementation of methods and models of taxation and valuation of real estate in Uzbekistan.

The peculiarity of taxation of real estate based on cadastral value in Uzbekistan requires further study. The article analyzes the experiences of real estate tax collection in developed countries and its importance in the tax system. The need for a deep study of the conceptual foundations of real estate tax in developed countries and the need to develop practical recommendations for their effective application in the tax system of our country was justified, as well as the general rules for real estate taxation based on modern tax systems and problems related to real estate taxation in our country were studied.

This article discusses important aspects of taxation of personal income. The article examines scientific approaches to the personal income tax system. The analysis of the population's income structure and the impact of taxation is conducted. Based on the analysis, appropriate conclusions are drawn on the taxation of personal income.

This scientific article discusses the theoretical foundations of resource taxation, its economic essence and role in ensuring the stability of the state budget. The study analyzes theoretical approaches to the taxation of natural, financial and human resources, their impact on economic efficiency and their significance in fiscal policy. It also examines the stages of development of the resource tax system, the principles of their establishment and the scientific basis from the point of view of economic theories - classical, neoclassical and institutional approaches. The results of the study show the possibilities of financing state socio-economic development programs, rational use of natural resources and ensuring environmental sustainability through resource taxes.

This article discusses the issues of improving the methodology of profit taxation. The definitions of profit and profit tax given by economists are presented. Scientific conclusions and proposals are given for the methodology of profit taxation

This article examines the issues of improving tax administration for high-income individuals. Based on international experience, ways to increase the efficiency of the taxation system are analyzed, and mechanisms applicable to the conditions of Uzbekistan are studied. The research focuses on the following issues: principles of setting tax rates for high-income individuals, ensuring transparency and fairness in taxation, the use of digital technologies and electronic systems in tax administration, as well as mechanisms to prevent tax evasion and capital outflow abroad. Specific proposals and recommendations have been developed for improving the tax administration of high-income individuals in Uzbekistan.

The article describes the mechanism of taxation of enterprises with foreign investment operating in special economic zones. Also, the experience of a number of foreign countries in taxation of the activities of enterprises with foreign investment and joint ventures is analyzed.

This article analyzes the current state of the taxation system in Uzbekistan and the impact of the informal economy on economic development. The reasons for the formation of the informal economy, its negative impact on tax revenues and the consequences for the stability of the state budget are highlighted. Also, proposals and recommendations are developed to improve tax administration, develop the digital economy and reduce informal activity

The article examines the role of indirect taxes in the tax system of the Republic of Uzbekistan, reforming the tax system, further improving and increasing the efficiency of the tax mechanism, as well as generally recognized international norms and standards in the field of taxation, and draws conclusions from advanced international experiences. It defines the main directions of improvement of control mechanisms, the main focus is on policy reforms, technological integration, and capacity building in tax authorities.

The article examines the issues of real estate taxation, its features, scientists who conducted research in this area, the legal basis for real estate taxation, the proposed methodology for indexing cadastral value, approaches to assessing cadastral value in real estate taxation, as well as the experience of foreign countries in setting real estate tax rates

This article analyzes the regulatory and legal frameworks that regulate the taxation of financial institutions in Uzbekistan. It examines current tax policies, identifies issues and makes recommendations to improve tax efficiency, financial sector growth and compliance.

The article describes the theoretical issues of accounting policy formation in economic entities. The essence of the accounting policy for taxation purposes is revealed. Also, proposals were made to the Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the concepts of "tax accounting" and "accounting policy for taxation purposes".

The article analyzes the objective necessity of taxing enterprises for the use of subsoil resources, its economic significance, and methodological foundations. Tax policy in the process of utilizing underground resources serves as a crucial tool for forming state budget revenues, ensuring the efficient use of natural resources, and maintaining environmental sustainability. Additionally, the article examines international experience and proposes effective models for Uzbekistan.

This article presents a comparative analysis of personal income tax systems and collection mechanisms in various countries. It examines tax rates, benefits, declaration procedures, and payment methods, and analyzes their socio-economic impact. Special attention is given to the influence of progressive and proportional taxation on fair income distribution, as well as the role of taxes on investment income. The article substantiates the prospects of applying international practices to improve Uzbekistan’s tax system. The efficiency and fairness of personal income tax collection mechanisms are analyzed in terms of economic stability and budget revenues.

This article analyzes the dynamics of taxpayers and tax revenues for the use of subsoil in Uzbekistan. The issues of ensuring the transparency of the tax system, increasing the role of the tax system in ensuring the effective use of natural resources and economic stability are discussed. Problems in the tax system for the use of subsoil are identified and practical proposals and recommendations are given to eliminate them.

This article analyzes the compliance of fiscal reforms implemented within the framework of the “Uzbekistan – 2030” strategy with the principles of inclusiveness. The study examines the role of tax policy in ensuring a balance between economic efficiency and social justice based on James Mirrlees’ optimal taxation theory and contemporary empirical data. The article evaluates the macroeconomic impact of changes in the 2025 Tax Code, particularly the progressive social tax rates and mechanisms for legalizing the shadow economy. The results indicate that Uzbekistan’s tax system, while maintaining fiscal stability, is transitioning toward an inclusive model aimed at developing human capital and mitigating income inequality

This article scientifically examines the importance of taxing income earned by self-employed individuals in the formation of budget revenues. In particular, the study substantiates the need to introduce the obligation for self-employed individuals to issue invoices to buyers in the process of selling goods and services. This mechanism is aimed at ensuring transparency in income accounting, reducing hidden turnover, and expanding the tax base. The article demonstrates that the proposed mechanism contributes to improving the efficiency of tax administration, ensuring the stability of budget revenues, and reducing the share of the informal economy. In addition, the article develops scientific and practical proposals for expanding digital accounting and electronic documentation practices in the activities of self-employed individuals

Today, within the framework of the tax administration, optimization of the structure of taxes, their collection, improvement of the mechanism of tax accounting and reporting, correct calculation of taxes, timely and full payment, the right of taxpayers established in the tax legislation and monitoring compliance with obligations, distribution of tax revenues between budgets of different levels, collection and analysis of results, implementation of extensive measures to harmonize tax relations of all participants in the taxation process are being conducted. Also, it is more convenient for business entities that pay taxes on time and operate in compliance with legal requirements to ensure the implementation of the priority tasks set in the framework of the open dialogue of the President with entrepreneurs held on August 18, 2023. in order to create conditions and encourage them, by introducing digital technologies to the tax administration, expanding the tax base, and some important reforms implemented in the tax system are studied, foreign experience, scientific and practical conclusions on its application in our country, and proposals are developed.

The article states that excise taxes are included in the price of excise goods and thus passed on to final consumers. At the same time, the amount of excise tax significantly determines the price level of taxed goods, and also affects consumer demand. Excise tax plays an important role in the formation of state revenues and regulation of consumption of certain goods and services. This article reviews the existing literature on excise tax administration, draws conclusions from international best practices. It defines the main directions of improvement of control mechanisms, the main focus is on policy reforms, technological integration and capacity building in tax authorities.

The process of economic liberalization, the aggravation of fiscal policy problems and the increase in the tax potential of taxpayers, the use by the state of effective means of modernizing the tax system in many ways, the distribution of added value also directly depends on the organization of an effective tax mechanism. It is important to study the directions of organizing an effective tax mechanism for the distribution of added value as a separate direction of the reform of the tax system, which today causes a lot of discussion. Based on this, this article discusses the issues of value added taxation.

The article highlights certain aspects of developing criteria and indicators for assessing the effectiveness of tax incentives. In a market economy, the activities of any economic entity should be aimed at achieving a positive financial result, which is significantly influenced by tax incentives and preferences. The taxation system must be acceptable to the taxpayer, as this factor directly affects the development of entrepreneurial activity. The systematization of tax incentives and the assessment of their effectiveness allow the state to develop regulatory legal acts on a reasonable basis

The article is devoted to the improvement of the regulation of the activities of commercial banks by meaning taxes. In the course of the research, the scientific literature of many foreign economists was studied. Also, the experiences of foreign countries regarding the taxation of banking activities were analyzed and a conclusion was formed at the end.

This article fully reveals the current importance of assessing tax policy in Uzbekistan using a scientific approach. First, a review of the scientific literature on the topic is presented, new theoretical approaches and scientific developments of recognized specialists in the field of taxation are analyzed. Then, general conclusions and proposals are made, and the main directions for the formation and improvement of tax policy on a scientific basis are identified. Through this, the necessary recommendations are provided to ensure the economic growth and socio-economic stability of our country.

This article presents the conclusions and conclusions that can be drawn from the analysis of the possibilities of tax authorities to identify possible cases of tax evasion, ensure fair taxation, and ultimately contribute to the overall efficiency of the tax system by improving the practice of auditing and monitoring taxpayers' activities. The article highlights the advantages and problems of applying foreign experience in the conditions of Uzbekistan, and develops proposals and recommendations for improving national tax policy