The article discusses the problems related to the main areas of effective management of the loan portfolio of commercial banks, as well as improving the management of the loan portfolio of commercial banks, and has developed proposals to address them. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, in our opinion, it is advisable to implement the following measures: planning, rational management, as well as the use of loan portfolios and loan investments helps to increase competitiveness and reduce the credit risk of commercial banks.

В данной статье проведен анализ кредитного портфеля государственных банков Республики Узбекистан. Проанализирована политика коммерческих банков в отношении физических лиц и кредитная политика в отношении юридических лиц. Разработаны предложения по эффективному использованию кредитных рисков и кредитных линий в коммерческих банках.

The article discusses the problems related to the main areas of effective management of the loan portfolio of commercial banks, as well as improving the management of the loan portfolio of commercial banks, and has developed proposals to address them.

This article analyzes the adequacy of commercial banks' deposit base, the factors affecting it, the alignment of maturities, interest rates, and volumes between bank deposits and loans, as well as the growth trends of deposits and loans. The causes of the transformation risk associated with bank deposits and credits have been examined. Furthermore, practical proposals and recommendations have been developed regarding existing problems in bank credit services and their solutions

This article examines the scientific and theoretical aspects of the influence of psychological factors on lending to individuals, improving the credit system in the banking and financial systems, an attractive offer of credit services, as well as the demand for credit that clearly and reliably determines the possibility of repaying the loan, and shows ways to increase it

This article discusses the problem loans (NPL) in the banking system, their characteristics, accounting and statistics, the correct calculation of reserves for them, the state of reserves created against possible losses on loans in Germany Deutsche Bank, and proposals and recommendations for improving the bank's loan portfolio.

This research examines the influence of environmental risk management (ERM) on the credit portfolio stability of commercial banks in Uzbekistan, utilising secondary data from sustainability reports, regulatory publications, and international financial institutions. The results show that banks with more advanced ERM frameworks, which include environmental screening, green lending, and sustainability governance, have lower non-performing loan (NPL) ratios and better asset quality. On the other hand, banks that don’t use ERM as much are still more vulnerable to environmental and credit risks. The study finds that integrating environmental risks into the banking system in Uzbekistan is necessary to make it more financially stable and in line with global standards for sustainable finance

This article discusses the role of the bank's credit policy in the allocation of its bank resources, the criteria for the credit policy of commercial banks and modern methods of managing problem loans. Also, the article specifically addresses the issues of the commercial bank's credit portfolio, its essence and formation.

This article explores the theoretical and practical aspects of improving non-performing loan (NPL) management systems in commercial banks, considering international practices and the specifics of Uzbekistan’s banking sector. The study analyzes macroeconomic and institutional factors influencing the rise of NPLs and evaluates the role of digitalization and artificial intelligence technologies in enhancing asset recovery and risk mitigation. Practical policy recommendations are proposed to reduce NPL levels and strengthen banking system resilience in Uzbekistan.

This article analyzes the performance of Uzbek banks during 2013-2023, focusing on the impact of credit and liquidity risks on financial stability. The results show that an increase in credit risks is a key factor reducing financial stability. Moreover, banks with higher liquid assets are found to be more stable. The study provides scientific foundations and practical recommendations for improving risk management systems in banks.

This article analyzes the experience of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) in financing small business entities through commercial banks. Based on SBA practices such as credit guarantees, interest rate regulation, business development centers, and digital infrastructure, strategic recommendations tailored to Uzbekistan’s context are proposed. These include strengthening credit guarantee systems, launching a digital guarantee portal, establishing advisory centers, regulating interest rates, and improving monitoring systems. The proposed measures aim to enhance the efficiency of small business financing mechanisms in Uzbekistan.

Commercial banks' products are continuously evolving in response to new technologies and economic changes. This article analyzes the internal and external factors that influence banking products. It highlights the key differences between traditional, innovative (digital), and green credit products, discussing their characteristics and objectives. Additionally, the article provides strategic recommendations for improving the effectiveness, competitiveness, and customer service of commercial banks’ products.

This article explores the theoretical and practical foundations of forming accounting policy in microfinance institutions. Key elements such as accounting methods, interest income recognition, loan loss reserves, and bad debt recognition criteria are systematically analyzed. Using the examples of “IMKON FINANS”, “Vodiy Taraqqiyot”, and “Biznes Finans”, differences in accounting policies are identified, and recommendations for improvement are provided.

This article examines the key risks faced by banks in forming green credit portfolios and identifies effective strategies for risk management. Drawing on international experience, the study analyzes the nature of credit, climate, transition, technological, operational, market, and greenwashing risks. The findings demonstrate that green loans possess a more complex risk profile compared to traditional lending and require the implementation of environmental taxonomies, energy-efficiency certification, independent audits, and state-supported financing mechanisms. For Uzbekistan, adopting these tools can improve the quality of bank credit portfolios, reduce environmental risks, and accelerate the country’s green economic transition.

This article examines ways to enhance the participation of commercial banks in poverty reduction. It analyzes the role of banks in alleviating poverty through credit policies, financial inclusion, microloans, and financing social projects. Furthermore, the article suggests measures to strengthen the social responsibility of commercial banks and improve the accessibility of financial services based on international experience.

The article presents the problems and situations in which loans and their interest rates are provided by commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the income of the population. The essence of the current legal acts on loans and the current content is revealed.

This article analyzes the role of bank loans in financing investment projects and the possibilities of increasing their effectiveness. Currently, banks serve as one of the main financial sources in financing investment projects. However, various problems in the financial system, difficulties in assessing risks, high collateral requirements and lack of long-term resources hinder the effective use of bank loans. The article analyzes the sources of financing of investment projects, changes in investments in fixed capital by sources of financing, the dynamics of bank loans within the framework of family entrepreneurship development programs, and the share of loans allocated to entrepreneurial activity through comparative tables. According to the results of the study, scientific proposals and recommendations were developed to expand the participation of bank loans in the investment process and increase the role of bank loans in financing investment projects.

In international banking practice, ensuring the profitability of commercial banks is of great importance, which not only serves to maintain their financial stability, but also to increase their competitiveness in market conditions. Banks with a high level of profitability perform their financial intermediary function more effectively, which leads to the strengthening of their place and role in the economy. Therefore, in the practice of developed Western countries of the world, the issues of increasing the profitability and ensuring the stability of commercial banks are considered one of the most priority and urgent areas of strengthening their competitiveness in the financial market. They pay great attention to increasing profitability in order to ensure the effective operation of banks, the provision of high-quality services to customers, and a worthy contribution to economic development. The article develops scientific proposals aimed at ensuring the profitability of loans of commercial banks of the country.

This article examines the issues of implementing financial technologies in the activities of commercial banks. It analyzes the areas of banking in which modern financial technologies are used. Based on the research conducted, practical proposals and scientific recommendations were developed.

This article highlights the importance of introducing digital technologies and blockchain systems in increasing the efficiency of innovative processes in the activities of commercial banks and ensuring competitiveness. The role of modern information technologies, in particular blockchain platforms, in the process of digitizing the bank lending system, their functional capabilities, level of security and efficiency of use are analyzed. The article also details the trends in the digitalization of the economy, the spread of mobile and Internet services, the share of the ICT sector in GDP, and the development of e-commerce. The need to use economic and mathematical (econometric) models in assessing and forecasting economic processes is substantiated.

This article analyzes the current state of the credit system for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Uzbekistan. Based on international experience and empirical research, the main constraints in SME financing are identified. The paper proposes strategic measures aimed at developing credit information infrastructure, introducing collateral-free lending mechanisms, promoting digital financing tools, and strengthening public guarantee schemes.

Modern mechanisms for financing projects in the banking sector are a complex and multifaceted process, playing an important role in implementing innovative and effective investments in various sectors of the economy. These mechanisms are aimed not only at allocating financial resources, but also at managing risks, ensuring project sustainability, and building trust between clients and investors. Banks are radically improving the process of financing projects by widely using digital technologies, advanced credit assessment systems, collateral mechanisms, cooperation platforms, and the principles of sustainable financing in their activities.

Ensuring the stability of the banking system, being an important factor in ensuring their solvency, is a necessary condition for ensuring the continuity of payments made in the country's economy. Therefore, ensuring the stability of the banking system is one of the main tasks of banking supervision. The article identifies urgent problems related to ensuring the stability of the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and develops scientific proposals aimed at solving them.

The world’s nations are accelerating measures to introduce green financing practices in the financial market, deeply evaluating the impact of every project they finance on the environment, business entities, and public health. This process necessitates the complete and perfect development of mechanisms for raising capital through green financial instruments, increasing the need to regulate them with legislative norms, and demanding more active cooperation and institutionally effective establishment of collaboration between investors and issuers. Consequently, the need to develop methodological approaches that ensure the formation and development of the green finance market is sharply increasing, and the issue of creating an effective market infrastructure is becoming urgent. This article provides scientific and theoretical analyses concerning the methodology of organizing, improving, increasing the efficiency, and regulating the green finance market

China is one of the world’s leading export-oriented economies and possesses one of the most advanced systems of state financial support for exports. At the core of this system lie specialized financial institutions including the Export-Import Bank of China, the China Development Bank, the state export credit insurance agency Sinosure, as well as budgetary and tax incentive mechanisms. The article analyzes the institutional structure and financial support mechanisms for export activities in the PRC and identifies the key factors underlying the high effectiveness of China’s model. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the main elements of China’s state export policy, including regulatory frameworks, instruments of crediting, insurance, subsidization, and the digitalization of foreign trade processes