Advanced Economics and Pedagogical Technologies

This article analyzes models for forming an optimal investment portfolio, specifically Markowitz's optimal portfolio theory and the CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model). In the analysis section, a portfolio was constructed and examined based on data from 15 joint-stock companies operating in Uzbekistan, using stock price data from the last five years. Additionally, insights from various economists such as William Sharpe, Kan, and Zhou are presented. The beta coefficient between the UCI market index and the expected return of the portfolio was calculated, and the expected return of the portfolio, as well as the efficient frontier, was determined using CAPM. The article concludes with general findings and recommendations.

The article analyzes the specific features of calculating the value added tax base, some complexities and problems in its determination, and focuses on the issues of improving the formation of the tax base. In addition, based on the results of applying the changes and additions made to the determination and calculation of the value added tax base, relevant conclusions are drawn and recommendations are developed.

This article discusses strategies for the development of financial services in commercial banks in order to increase their competitiveness, efficiency and value proposition. In an era characterized by global technological development and changing customer preferences, commercial banks face the need to innovate and adapt to changing market demands. The article notes that today, when digital technologies are rapidly developing, the banking sector is reorganizing its activities in accordance with modern requirements. The digital financial services offered by commercial banks serve not only to meet the needs of customers, but also to improve the quality of banking services, reduce operating costs and increase competitiveness.
The process of developing digital financial services by commercial banks has been gradual for many years, depending on technological progress, changes in customer requirements and the development of global financial markets. The implementation of these strategies will help commercial banks take a leading position in the financial services sector, stimulate business growth and achieve broader goals of economic prosperity and social well-being.

This article examines the effectiveness of specific innovation mechanisms in terms of key indicators of tourism enterprise performance, and examines the latest innovation mechanisms being implemented in the world to develop this industry, such as artificial intelligence-based booking systems, virtual reality tours, and sustainable tourism initiatives, and their effectiveness.

This article examines the issues of improving the methodology of financing innovative projects through venture funds. Based on the experience of the United States and Western European countries, the main mechanisms of venture financing, methods of attracting investors, and government support measures are studied. Additionally, proposals are developed for institutional changes, improvement of the legal framework, and expansion of public-private partnerships to enhance venture financing in Uzbekistan. The research results aim to support innovative entrepreneurship in the country and improve the process of attracting venture investments.

The article is devoted to the increasing importance of direct taxes, such as personal income tax in Uzbekistan, and the opinions of scientists are presented within the framework of the study. It also discusses the need to apply a progressive tax rate on personal income tax in Uzbekistan and proposes its model

This article develops a conceptual centralized model of the mechanism for ensuring the competitiveness of tourist complexes, and as a result of the systemic changes carried out, competition for financing from the state budget is growing even among business entities in the budget sector, since the volume of financing depends on the implementation of regulatory criteria by organizations, the achievement of which requires the need.