Population aging is an important trend of social development. At present, China is in the largest aging process in history, catching up with or even surpassing the aging speed of Western countries in the rapid evolution, with many pressures and challenges under the complex internal and external environment. China has put forward a series of new theories, new ideas and new strategies on the work of aging, forming a theoretical system with rich connotation, complete system and strict logic, which guides the practice of the Chinese government to deal with population aging. This paper deeply analyzes the relevant theoretical basis, analyzes the current situation, characteristics and causes of China's aging, and summarizes the practice of China's innovative response to aging since 2010, in order to provide valuable experience for the rest of the world to deal with aging.

This article provides a scientific-theoretical and empirical analysis of the prospects for the gradual introduction of the state social insurance system in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On State Social Insurance” No. ORQ-1101 dated December 9, 2025, mechanisms for covering such social risks as maternity and childbirth benefits, temporary disability benefits, and later unemployment benefits are being introduced starting from 2026. The article examines the limitations of the existing pension system, the economic and social effectiveness of the new system, issues of demographic pressure, and financial sustainability. For the empirical analysis, tables and graphs based on data from the State Statistics Agency, the World Bank, and the International Labour Organization are presented. The research findings indicate that the social insurance system plays a significant role in promoting formal employment, reducing the risk of poverty, and supporting economic growth. However, challenges such as the informal sector and demographic aging need to be addressed.

This article reveals the role of pension provision and compulsory pension insurance in the social protection system of the population in modern states, as well as their significance in ensuring sustainable development. The study conducts a comparative analysis of the levels of compulsory, corporate, and private pension provision, their sources of financing, the range of participants, and functional characteristics using the pension systems of Germany, Italy, and the United States as examples. In addition, the regulatory role of the state in the pension system, the principle of intergenerational solidarity, the importance of funded pension mechanisms, and the impact of population aging on the pension system are highlighted. The article also compares the experience of certain foreign countries according to such criteria as retirement age, minimum insurance record, and the amount of insurance contributions. The current state of the pension system of Uzbekistan is substantiated, along with the factors affecting its financial stability under demographic changes, the need to improve compulsory pension insurance, and the priority directions of reforms. In conclusion, it is noted that the development of the funded component of pensions, the strengthening of actuarial assessment, and the harmonization of compulsory and voluntary pension mechanisms, while adapting international experience to national conditions, contribute to improving the efficiency of the pension system.

This article presents scientific research addressing the notion of equality in the retirement age for men and women. The research evaluated citizens' opinions on the feasibility of equalizing the retirement age for men and women, considering statistical data, international experiences, public opinion, and expert surveys, alongside the contemporary socio-economic conditions of Uzbekistan's development, to determine the optimal retirement age through analysis.