This article discusses the concepts of profit, its types, as well as its economic essence. Profit is the main goal of any business, and maximizing it is the main objective. The study and correct formation, distribution and use of profits is an indicator of the competent implementation of a business. The article discusses various types of profit, as well as various ways of generating profit. This analysis will help determine which areas of activity should be developed and what should be cancelled. Statistical data on the profits of enterprises for the last year period are also considered. According to the data, it can be observed that many enterprises may be unprofitable, but not cease their activities, since this area of activity is necessary for the country’s economy

This study investigates the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure on bank profitability and market value in Uzbekistan an underexplored emerging economy in Central Asia undergoing rapid financial and sustainability reforms. Using a panel dataset of 22 commercial banks from 2015 to 2024, we construct a hand-collected ESG disclosure index through systematic content analysis of annual and sustainability reports, supplemented by financial data from the Central Bank of Uzbekistan. Net profit margin serves as the primary measure of profitability, while Tobin’s Q and market capitalization proxy for market value. Employing fixed effects, random effects, and System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimators to address endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity, we find that higher ESG disclosure is significantly associated with improved bank profitability. Notably, this relationship is driven almost exclusively by the governance (G) pillar, while environmental (E) and social (S) disclosures show no statistically significant effects highlighting the context-specific materiality of ESG dimensions in transitional economies. Robustness checks, including lagged specifications, sub-sample analyses by ownership type, and alternative ESG measures, confirm the reliability of our findings. The results suggest that in Uzbekistan’s institutional environment characterized by ongoing corporate governance reforms and nascent green finance infrastructure transparency in board oversight, risk management, and anti-corruption mechanisms enhances operational efficiency and stakeholder trust, thereby boosting net margins. Our study contributes to the limited literature on ESG-finance linkages in Central Asia and challenges universalist assumptions about ESG materiality by demonstrating that governance remains the most financially relevant pillar in early-stage reform contexts. The findings carry important implications for regulators, bank managers, and international investors: prioritizing credible governance disclosure offers a strategic pathway to both financial performance and market legitimacy. As Uzbekistan advances its National Strategy for Green Economy Development, this research provides empirical grounding for sequenced, institutionally attuned ESG integration in the banking sector.

The article discusses the importance of assessing the cost approach in the
process of privatization of commercial banks and estimates the cost of banks based on the methods
of this approach. The article discusses the prospects for using the method used in international
practice in the cost approach in our country, and also uses methods of analysis and synthesis,
comparative and sampling research, and grouping in research

The article analyzes the indicators of financial stability of banks and the econometric relationship between the national economy. Based on the correlation of the gross domestic product of the country and the indicators of financial stability of banks, an econometric model is formed and the corresponding conclusions are given.

This article analyzed the profitability indicator, which is of great importance in the activity of railway enterprises, its role in reflecting the economic and financial status of the enterprise, and its interrelationship with other indicators.

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of the accounting of financial results, the adaptation of today's relevant accounting to international standards, the study of the accounting of financial results was carried out. Also, within the framework of economic literature, problems related to the industry in our country and their elimination were analyzed, and conclusions were drawn at the end.

This article deals with the issues of effective use of current assets in production enterprises, as well as increasing profits corresponding to the contribution of assets. The increase in circulating assets in relation to the volume of liabilities ensures an increase in the speed of the production process, the continuity of supply of products and the efficiency of the enterprise.

In this article, the author divided the indicators in the form of the “Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income” report into initial indicators, current indicators, intermediate indicators and final indicators, and also revealed the content of the indicators of this group. During the study, the procedure and formulas for calculating intermediate indicators were developed. The study emphasizes the need to take into account the characteristics of trade, manufacturing and service enterprises to determine the cost of sales and services. A report form has been developed on the cost of sales of finished products in the periodic accounting system at manufacturing enterprises. 2.1(a) - proposals for improving calculations in the annex to income tax calculations are recommended.

This article notes the problems in the field of trade today. Economists' approaches to the concept of economic efficiency are analyzed. 8 key indicators of economic efficiency presented in foreign sources were analyzed on the example of a trading company. Based on the analysis of sources, economic efficiency indicators are divided into five groups and a system of 27 indicators has been developed. The implementation of these proposals is an important factor in finding opportunities to increase the economic efficiency of commercial enterprises.

The article discusses the recommendations of the International Basel Committee on regulation and control of the banking system and related requirements. The activity of the country's banking system is analyzed according to international standards and the relevant conclusions are given.