In a market economy, liquidity and solvency are the most important
characteristics of financial and economic activities of enterprises, in particular in oil refining. The
financial condition determines the competitiveness of an enterprise, its potential in business
processes, to what extent the economic interests of the enterprise and its counterparties in
financial and other relations are respected. Liquidity is the ability of an asset to be sold in a
business, economy, or invested without significant price changes and with little loss of value. The
most liquid asset is money or cash on hand, which can be immediately used to carry out economic
transactions, including buying, selling, paying off debts, and meeting urgent desires and needs.
The basis of any company is liquidity. A comprehensive liquidity assessment is necessary for each
company, as it helps to predict future behavior. The article examines the theoretical aspects of
liquidity and solvency, analyzes the refinery, while assessing the main shortcomings and problems,
and provides recommendations for improving the financial condition

This study examines the impact of the new securities income payment order, implemented in June 2024, on the liquidity of Uzbekistan’s securities market. By analyzing stock market activity data from the first half of 2024 and August 2024, the research evaluates the current market conditions and forecasts potential changes under the new regulatory framework. The paper focuses on key aspects of the new order, such as centralized payments through the Central Securities Depository and the involvement of investment intermediaries. The findings suggest that the new order may enhance liquidity by speeding up payments and reducing operational risks. However, there may be temporary operational delays during the initial phase, which could negatively impact market activity. The study also reviews existing research on the effects of regulatory changes on liquidity in both developed and emerging markets. Unlike previous research, this study emphasizes short-term changes following the introduction of the new order and considers the unique characteristics of Uzbekistan’s market. Practical recommendations are provided to optimize the payment system and further improve market liquidity.

The scientific article examines the factors affecting the liquidity of commercial banks during the current banking crisis. In this case, the bank's liquidity depends not only on the bank's internal but also external factors. Also, the rational allocation of resources from the point of view of generating income has a positive effect on the financial stability of banks, in particular, on their liquidity. At the moment, the low quality of loans allocated by banks and the increase in the volume of problem loans have a negative impact on bank liquidity.

The liquidity of enterprises directly depends on changes in macroeconomic policy. In particular, an increase in the rate of devaluation of the national currency and the rate of inflation have a negative impact on the liquidity of enterprises. The article substantiates ways to eliminate the negative effects of macroeconomic factors on the liquidity of enterprises in the republic.

This article discusses ways to improve the efficiency of services provided, the concept of bank liquidity, and the history and prospects of its development based on foreign experience of increasing the liquidity of commercial banks during the transformation process. It also presents existing problems in enhancing banking operations based on introducing foreign experience, as well as the author's recommendations and suggestions for solving them.

The article introduces the authorʼs definition of the content of “cash flows" and suggests additional qualitative indicators of cash flows: intensity, liquidity, balance. The theoretical provisions of the methodology for analyzing cash flows in business entities have been supplemented. That is, the authorʼs definition of the content of “cash flows” is given and additional qualitative indicators of cash flows are disclosed. As a result of the research, the concepts of management and analysis of cash flows have been improved using formulas of intensity, liquidity, and equilibrium.

This study examines the impact of the relationship between bank assets and liabilities on bank profitability, highlighting the critical role of effective asset-liability management in financial performance. Banks generate income primarily through interest earned on assets such as loans and investments, while liabilities, including deposits and borrowings, represent the cost of funds. The balance between these two elements determines net interest income (NII) and net interest margin (NIM), both key indicators of profitability. Factors such as interest rate spreads, asset quality, maturity mismatches, and liquidity management significantly influence the bank’s profitability. A well-managed asset-liability mix enhances income stability and reduces risks associated with interest rate fluctuations and liquidity constraints. Conversely, poor management can lead to reduced margins, increased risk exposure, and potential financial instability. Understanding and optimizing the interplay between assets and liabilities is essential for banks to maximize profitability, manage risks, and sustain long-term growth in a competitive and regulated environment. From this point of view, in this article, I tried to reveal the importance of the net interest margin in increasing the profitability of the bank, as well as the state of management of bank assets and liabilities in the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and its effect on the efficiency of the banking system.

This article analyzed the composition of deposits in the banking system and their impact on financial stability. It studied how deposits formed by individuals and legal entities cause problems for banks in terms of liquidity, risks, and costs. During the study, the distribution of deposits between state-owned and private banks and their impact on the economy were considered. Practical proposals for sustainable development of the banking sector and effective management of deposit resources were developed in the article.

The article examines the meaning of the term solvency, "recovery"; highlights the features of the process of improving and rehabilitating the solvency of enterprises in the context of innovative development of the economy, the characteristic features of solvency and monetary liquidity and the prevention of factors affecting their stability and acceleration of the turnover of liquid payments.

This article is devoted to the study of problems related to the operations of commercial banks in the securities market and ways to overcome them. Banks operate in the stock market in order to diversify their financial portfolio, manage risks and generate additional income. However, a number of problems arise in this process: factors such as lack of liquidity, market volatility, regulatory restrictions and information asymmetry can reduce the effectiveness of banking operations. To solve these problems, modern risk management methods, new rules adopted by regulatory authorities, the possibility of adapting to market conditions and using technological innovations are analyzed. The relevance of the topic is due to the importance of ensuring the financial stability of banks in conditions of volatility of global financial markets.

This article examines the trends in the processes of the initial public offering (IPO) in world practice conducted in 1995-2023. The dynamics of the number of IPO processes conducted in world stock markets and funds raised on this basis are studied. Based on the study of the experience of large consulting companies, investment banks, the factors of ensuring the fair value of national companies in IPO processes are presented, as well as proposals and recommendations for the effectiveness of IPO processes.

This article examines the role of investment portfolio management in the effective management of bank financial resources, the state of investment portfolios of commercial banks and their impact on asset liquidity. According to the research materials and methods, the definitions and opinions given by a number of foreign and domestic economists-scientists on the topic were studied, and the author explained their meaning. In addition, the article provides proposals and practical recommendations for the development of a draft regulatory legal document on the management of financial resources of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the development of a program of measures aimed at managing assets in commercial banks.

Investment activities of insurance companies are important for ensuring financial stability and improving the economic condition of the enterprise. Such activities depend on risk management, ensuring liquidity, compliance with financial and economic systems, as well as technological innovations. At the same time, insurance companies strive to maintain their stability by diversifying investment activities, minimizing risks, ensuring liquidity and making decisions in accordance with strategic goals. The use of technology, the use of innovative analytical tools and adaptation to global economic conditions are important factors in their practice.

The article analyzes modern approaches to improving the risk management system in commercial banks of Uzbekistan. It provides specific statistical data on commercial banks for the period of 2022–2025. Definitions are given for credit, market, operational, liquidity, reputational, and compliance risks encountered in banking activities and practices, along with proposed measures to prevent these risks in the Uzbekistan market. In this regard, methods for risk reduction are suggested through the implementation of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, as well as integrated solutions that encompass international standards, technological innovations, and the development of human capital to enhance the financial stability of banks.

the article examines the analysis of stock market indicators, including the scientific-theoretical aspects of the evaluation of stock returns. Coefficients of stock profitability evaluation are systematized based on the characteristics of joint-stock companies. Factors affecting the liquidity of securities were analyzed and appropriate proposals aimed at stabilizing their prices were developed.

The article identifies and evaluates the emergence of financial stability in banks and its specific characteristics. Scientific studies by local and foreign scholars on this category have been examined and systematized. The perspectives of scholars regarding indicators such as capital adequacy and liquidity in ensuring financial stability have been analyzed. Based on the research, scientific conclusions and recommendations have been developed.

The article proposes a practical approach to systematically assessing the financial condition of financially distressed enterprises and guiding their sustainable development. The study builds a diagnostic model based on indicators such as liquidity, solvency, financial stability, operating profitability, and return on assets. To evaluate bankruptcy risk, the author recommends using an interlinked trio of the pro forma balance sheet, cash-flow budget, and budgeted income statement, alongside a review of pricing and partnership arrangements, cost optimization, and reconfiguration of current assets by turnover speed and recoverability. The findings provide a methodological basis for promptly initiating financial rehabilitation in distressed firms and achieving long-term competitiveness.

This article examines the methodological foundations of preparing the balance sheet, directions for its improvement, and issues of expanding analytical capabilities. The balance sheet is considered the primary source of information when assessing the financial condition of an enterprise, and its proper formation is crucial when making financial decisions. The article describes modern approaches to determining the composition of assets and liabilities, analyzing the balance sheet structure and liquidity level, as well as the possibilities of increasing the information value of balance sheet data through digital technologies and automated accounting systems. The research results serve to effectively use the balance sheet data, assess the financial stability of the enterprise, and optimize management decisions.

This article analyzes the accounting of cash funds in business entities, their turnover, the procedure of cash and bank operations, as well as the efficiency of cash flow management. Cash flow is considered one of the key factors determining the financial stability, liquidity level, and financial security of an enterprise. During the research, existing regulatory and legal documents, accounting standards, and methods applied in practice were examined. Based on the analysis results, proposals were developed for planning, controlling, and optimizing cash flows.

This article analyzes the level of development of Uzbekistan's securities market, as well as existing problems and shortcomings. The study examines the current state of the stock market, the activities of government and private sector securities, and their economic efficiency. Key issues identified include the low liquidity of the securities market, the limited range of investment instruments, weak integration into international financial markets, and a lack of financial literacy. Additionally, the article explores factors such as the underdevelopment of capital market infrastructure, information asymmetry, and the limited opportunities for Islamic finance.

In accordance with the “Financial Instruments: Information Disclosure”
standard No. 7, the article describes the essence, purpose, functions and application aspects of
financial instrument accounting disclosure. In recent years, the variety of financial instruments
and the complexity of their dynamics in financial markets have sharply increased in the world.
This serves to increase the risk of financial instruments. The article describes the types of risks in
accounting for financial instruments and the procedure for explaining them. In the system of
international financial reporting standards, the topic of financial instruments is considered the
most complex. Accounting information for financial instruments requires a large amount of
knowledge and skills. IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures Good disclosure is more of an art
than a science

The implementation of measures aimed at financial recovery of enterprises, prevention of their insolvency is an important component of the economic reforms being carried out in Uzbekistan today. Based on this, this article summarizes foreign experience in accounting and analysis of insolvency.

This paper examines the economic nature of foreign investments and their impact on the country's economy. Foreign investment is the capital injected into the economy of another country by foreign investors, which stimulates economic growth by creating new production facilities, importing technologies and improving the skills of personnel. The article examines the main types of foreign investments, their functions in the economy of the receiving country, factors affecting the economy and benefits.

The article discusses the risks faced by commercial banks in their daily activities, which can negatively affect the financial condition and stability of banks. Banks face several types of risks in their activities. For this purpose, financial, operational, strategic, reputational, legal, international, natural disaster and environmental risks, medical and health, security, cost, technological risks are studied, and the requirements developed by the Basel Committee for studying the risks of banks are also studied.

Issues such as strategic investors, adaptation to market principles, elimination of dependence on state funds and creation of equal competitive conditions are defined as the main directions of the banking system reform strategy. The transition of banks to this process requires changing their business models. This article is an important scientific and practical aspect in the process of expanding the income base of commercial banks in the process of transformation.