This article provides an in-depth analysis of the theoretical and practical foundations of state regulation of the real sector. Specifically, it defines the role of the state within the economic system, evaluates the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms, and examines the interactions between institutional and market-based approaches in a comprehensive manner. Within this framework, the study systematically highlights how state intervention is implemented through legal, financial, and administrative instruments, and assesses their impact on real sector entities. Additionally, the paper explores the specific features of public policy in various sectors of the economy – including industry, agriculture, infrastructure, and services –  and evaluates its influence on economic stability. Based on the findings, the study offers policy recommendations aimed at improving the efficiency of real sector regulation in the national economy.