The article analyzes the evolution of financial risk management models in the formation of an investment portfolio. The theory of G. Markowitz, one of the founders of modern portfolio theory, and its main ideas are studied. The scientist who improved the scientific work of Markowitz is the theory of his student W. Sharp, this article discusses this theory and the main differences between them. The “arbitrage pricing theory (APT)” by S. Ross, who made a significant contribution to the portfolio theory, was studied, its differences from other models were analyzed. Nedosekin and Zaichenko, who developed the following portfolio theory, developed “Analysis of a Fuzzy Portfolio Optimization Model”, which is discussed in this article. Models of investment portfolio optimization, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as differences are also compared.

This scientific article describes the conceptual basis of scientific views on the
financial system. The scientific views of the supporters of classical and neoclassical financial
theory on the financial system, its elements and financial stability in a polysemantic description
are studied. Scientific views on the prospects of ensuring the stability of the financial system under
the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors are systematized

Maximizing the expected return on investment and reducing the level of possible risk for investors is always a relevant issue. This article discusses modern portfolio theories, expected portfolio returns, and risk factors. Harry Markowitz's modern portfolio theory, his views, and other economists' observations on investment and portfolios are discussed. In the analysis part, a portfolio of 3-year shares of joint-stock companies in Uzbekistan is created, and the expected average income from the portfolio and portfolio risk are determined. Based on the results of the analysis, scientific and practical conclusions are given.