The article systematically analyzes the socio-economic significance of the textile industry of Uzbekistan and modern trends in its development. The role of this industry in the formation of the gross domestic product, its impact on the level of employment, stimulation of regional economic activity, contribution to the formation of the foreign trade balance are considered. The prospects for the development of the industry in such areas as technological modernization, digitalization, adaptation to environmental standards and integration into the international market are analyzed. Based on theoretical approaches and modern statistical data, the article substantiates the transformation potential of the textile industry and provides practical recommendations for its further improvement.